Text Indexing and Pattern Matching with Ephemeral Edits

A sequence $e_0,e_1,\ldots$ of edit operations in a string $T$ is called ephemeral if operation $e_i$ constructing string $T^i$, for all $i=2k$ with $k\in\mathbb{N}$, is reverted by operation $e_{i+1}$ that reconstructs $T$. Such a sequence arises when processing a stream of independent edits or testing hypothetical edits. We introduce text indexing with ephemeral substring edits, a new version of text indexing. Our goal is to design a data structure over a given text that supports subsequent pattern matching queries with ephemeral substring insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the text; we require insertions and substitutions to be of constant length. In particular, we preprocess a text $T=T[0\mathinner{.\,.} n)$ over an integer alphabet $\Sigma=[0,\sigma)$ with $\sigma=n^{\mathcal{O}(1)}$ in $\mathcal{O}(n)$ time. Then, we can preprocess any arbitrary pattern $P=P[0\mathinner{.\,.} m)$ given online in $\mathcal{O}(m\log\log m)$ time and $\mathcal{O}(m)$ space and allow any ephemeral sequence of edit operations in $T$. Before reverting the $i$th operation, we report all Occ occurrences of $P$ in $T^i$ in $\mathcal{O}(\log\log n + \text{Occ})$ time. We also introduce pattern matching with ephemeral edits. In particular, we preprocess two strings $T$ and $P$, each of length at most $n$, over an integer alphabet $\Sigma=[0,\sigma)$ with $\sigma=n^{\mathcal{O}(1)}$ in $\mathcal{O}(n)$ time. Then, we allow any ephemeral sequence of edit operations in $T$. Before reverting the $i$th operation, we report all Occ occurrences of $P$ in $T^i$ in the optimal $\mathcal{O}(\text{Occ})$ time. Along our way to this result, we also give an optimal solution for pattern matching with ephemeral block deletions.