Watermarking of deep neural networks (DNNs) has gained significant traction in recent years, with numerous (watermarking) strategies being proposed as mechanisms that can help verify the ownership of a DNN in scenarios where these models are obtained without the permission of the owner. However, a growing body of work has demonstrated that existing watermarking mechanisms are highly susceptible to removal techniques, such as fine-tuning, parameter pruning, or shuffling. In this paper, we build upon extensive prior work on covert (military) communication and propose TATTOOED, a novel DNN watermarking technique that is robust to existing threats. We demonstrate that using TATTOOED as their watermarking mechanisms, the DNN owner can successfully obtain the watermark and verify model ownership even in scenarios where 99% of model parameters are altered. Furthermore, we show that TATTOOED is easy to employ in training pipelines, and has negligible impact on model performance.
@article{arxiv.2202.06091,
title = {TATTOOED: A Robust Deep Neural Network Watermarking Scheme based on Spread-Spectrum Channel Coding},
author = {Giulio Pagnotta and Dorjan Hitaj and Briland Hitaj and Fernando Perez-Cruz and Luigi V. Mancini},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.06091},
year = {2024}
}