Symmetry-protected topologically ordered states for universal quantum computation

Measurement-based quantum computation is a model for quantum information processing utilizing local measurements on suitably entangled resource states for the implementation of quantum gates. A complete characterization for universal resource states is still missing. It has been shown that symmetry-protected topological order in one dimension can be exploited for the protection of certain quantum gates in measurement-based quantum computation. In this paper we show that the two-dimensional plaquette states on arbitrary lattices exhibit nontrivial symmetry-protected topological order in terms of symmetry fractionalization and that they are universal resource states for quantum computation. Our results of the nontrivial symmetry-protected topological order on arbitrary 2D lattices are based on an extension of the recent construction by Chen, Gu, Liu and Wen [Phys. Rev. B \textbf{87}, 155114 (2013)] on the square lattice.