English

Small loops of nilpotency class three with commutative inner mapping groups

Group Theory 2015-09-21 v1

Abstract

Groups with commuting inner mappings are of nilpotency class at most two, but there exist loops with commuting inner mappings and of nilpotency class higher than two, called loops of Cs\"org\H{o} type. In order to obtain small loops of Cs\"org\H{o} type, we expand our programme from `Explicit constructions of loops with commuting inner mappings', European J. Combin. 29 (2008), 1662-1681, and analyze the following setup in groups: Let GG be a group, ZZ(G)Z\le Z(G), and suppose that δ:G/Z×G/ZZ\delta:G/Z\times G/Z\to Z satisfies δ(x,x)=1\delta(x,x)=1, δ(x,y)=δ(y,x)1\delta(x,y)=\delta(y,x)^{-1}, zyxδ([z,y],x)=zxyδ([z,x],y)z^{yx}\delta([z,y],x) = z^{xy}\delta([z,x],y) for every xx, yy, zGz\in G, and δ(xy,z)=δ(x,z)δ(y,z)\delta(xy,z) = \delta(x,z)\delta(y,z) whenever {x,y,z}G\{x,y,z\}\cap G' is not empty. Then there is μ:G/Z×G/ZZ\mu:G/Z\times G/Z\to Z with δ(x,y)=μ(x,y)μ(y,x)1\delta(x,y) = \mu(x,y)\mu(y,x)^{-1} such that the multiplication xy=xyμ(x,y)x*y=xy\mu(x,y) defines a loop with commuting inner mappings, and this loop is of Cs\"org\H{o} type (of nilpotency class three) if and only if g(x,y,z)=δ([x,y],z)δ([y,z],x)δ([z,x],y)g(x,y,z) = \delta([x,y],z)\delta([y,z],x)\delta([z,x],y) is nontrivial. Moreover, GG has nilpotency class at most three, and if gg is nontrivial then G128|G|\ge 128, G|G| is even, and gg induces a trilinear alternating form. We describe all nontrivial setups (G,Z,δ)(G,Z,\delta) with G=128|G|=128. This allows us to construct for the first time a loop of Cs\"org\H{o} type with an inner mapping group that is not elementary abelian.

Cite

@article{arxiv.1509.05723,
  title  = {Small loops of nilpotency class three with commutative inner mapping groups},
  author = {Aleš Drápal and Petr Vojtěchovský},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.05723},
  year   = {2015}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-22T11:00:06.070Z