SDEs with supercritical distributional drifts

Let $d\geq 2$. In this paper, we investigate the following stochastic differential equation (SDE) in ${\mathbb R}^d$ driven by Brownian motion $${\rm d} X_t=b(t,X_t){\rm d} t+\sqrt{2}{\rm d} W_t,$$ where $b$ belongs to the space ${\mathbb L}_T^q \mathbf{H}_p^\alpha$ with $\alpha \in [-1, 0]$ and $p,q\in[2, \infty]$, which is a distribution-valued and divergence-free vector field. In the subcritical case $\frac dp+\frac 2q<1+\alpha$, we establish the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to the integral equation: $$X_t=X_0+\lim_{n\to\infty}\int^t_0b_n(s,X_s){\rm d} s+\sqrt{2} W_t.$$ Here, $b_n:=b*\phi_n$ represents the mollifying approximation, and the limit is taken in the $L^2$-sense. In the critical and supercritical case $1+\alpha\leq\frac dp+\frac 2q<2+\alpha$, assuming the initial distribution has an $L^2$-density, we show the existence of weak solutions and associated Markov processes. Moreover, under the additional assumption that $b=b_1+b_2+{\rm div} a$, where $b_1\in {\mathbb L}^\infty_T{\mathbf B}^{-1}_{\infty,2}$, $b_2\in {\mathbb L}^2_TL^2$, and $a$ is a bounded antisymmetric matrix-valued function, we establish the convergence of mollifying approximation solutions without the need to subtract a subsequence. To illustrate our results, we provide examples of Gaussian random fields and singular interacting particle systems, including the two-dimensional vortex models.