Sawyer-type inequalities for Lorentz spaces

The Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator satisfies the classical Sawyer-type estimate $$\left \Vert \frac{Mf}{v}\right \Vert_{L^{1,\infty}(uv)} \leq C_{u,v} \Vert f \Vert_{L^{1}(u)},$$ where $u\in A_1$ and $uv\in A_{\infty}$. We prove a novel extension of this result to the general restricted weak type case. That is, for $p>1$, $u\in A_p^{\mathcal R}$, and $uv^p \in A_\infty$, $$\left \Vert \frac{Mf}{v}\right \Vert_{L^{p,\infty}(uv^p)} \leq C_{u,v} \Vert f \Vert_{L^{p,1}(u)}.$$ From these estimates, we deduce new weighted restricted weak type bounds and Sawyer-type inequalities for the $m$-fold product of Hardy-Littlewood maximal operators. We also present an innovative technique that allows us to transfer such estimates to a large class of multi-variable operators, including $m$-linear Calder\'on-Zygmund operators, avoiding the $A_\infty$ extrapolation theorem and producing many estimates that have not appeared in the literature before. In particular, we obtain a new characterization of $A_p^{\mathcal R}$. Furthermore, we introduce the class of weights that characterizes the restricted weak type bounds for the multi(sub)linear maximal operator $\mathcal M$, denoted by $A_{\vec P}^{\mathcal R}$, establish analogous bounds for sparse operators and m-linear Calder\'on-Zygmund operators, and study the corresponding multi-variable Sawyer-type inequalities for such operators and weights. Our results combine mixed restricted weak type norm inequalities, $A_p^{\mathcal R}$ and $A_{\vec P}^{\mathcal R}$ weights, and Lorentz spaces.