Numerical Integration over the Unit Sphere by using spherical t-design

This paper studies numerical integration over the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^2 \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}$ by using spherical $t$-design, which is an equal positive weights quadrature rule with polynomial precision $t$. We investigate two kinds of spherical $t$-designs with $t$ up to 160. One is well conditioned spherical $t$-design(WSTD), which was proposed by [1] with $N=(t+1)^{2}$. The other is efficient spherical $t$-design(ESTD), given by Womersley [2], which is made of roughly of half cardinality of WSTD. Consequently, a series of persuasive numerical evidences indicates that WSTD is better than ESTD in the sense of worst-case error in Sobolev space $\mathbb{H}^{s}(\mathbb{S}^2)$. Furthermore, WSTD is employed to approximate integrals of various of functions, especially including integrand has a point singularity over the unit sphere and a given ellipsoid. In particular, to deal with singularity of integrand, Atkinson's transformation [3] and Sidi's transformation [4] are implemented with the choices of `grading parameters' to obtain new integrand which is much smoother. Finally, the paper presents numerical results on uniform errors for approximating representive integrals over sphere with three quadrature rules: Bivariate trapezoidal rule, Equal area points and WSTD.