Monomial Valuations, Cusp Singularities, and Continued Fractions

This paper explores the relationship between real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$, the resolution of cusp singularities, and continued fractions. It is shown that up to equivalence there is a one to one correspondence between real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$ and continued fraction expansions of real numbers between zero and one. This relationship with continued fractions is then used to provide a characterization of the valuation rings for real valued monomial valuations on $k(x,y)$. In the case when the monomial valuation is equivalent to an integral monomial valuation, we exhibit explicit generators of the valuation rings. Finally, we demonstrate that if $\nu$ is a monomial valuation such that $\nu(x)=a$ and $\nu(y)=b$, where $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime positive integers larger than one, then $\nu$ governs a resolution of the singularities of the plane curve $x^{b}=y^{a}$ in a way we make explicit. Further, we provide an exact bound on the number of blow ups needed to resolve singularities in terms of the continued fraction of $a/b$