We study full-reference image quality assessment from a machine-centric perspective, where images are evaluated by how well they preserve information for downstream models. We formulate machine-oriented quality as a latent machine utility and approximate it through pairwise predictive-consistency comparisons. To this end, we construct PCMP, a dataset of PSNR-matched distortion pairs labeled by consistency votes from multiple pretrained models. We further propose ML-CLIPSim, a differentiable quality metric built on a frozen CLIP visual encoder, which aggregates intermediate patch-token similarities and global image embeddings. Experiments on machine-preference benchmarks, human-IQA datasets, and learned image compression show that ML-CLIPSim better aligns with machine-oriented preferences than conventional fidelity and perceptual metrics, while remaining competitive for human quality prediction. Used as a compression distortion term, it improves rate--task trade-offs across multiple downstream tasks.
@article{arxiv.2605.09479,
title = {ML-CLIPSim: Multi-Layer CLIP Similarity for Machine-Oriented Image Quality},
author = {Feng Ding and Haisheng Fu and Jie Liang and Qihan Xu and Siyu Zhu and Jingning Han},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.09479},
year = {2026}
}