Loops with squares in two nuclei
Abstract
Although little can be gleaned about a loop with the property that its squares are, say, left nuclear (), if its squares are also, say, middle nuclear (), then the loop exhibits more structure than one might initially guess. Loops with squares in (at least) two nuclei include many well known classes of loops, such as C loops and extra loops, and not so well known classes such left C loops. In any loop with, say, left and middle nuclear squares, the intersection of the left and middle nuclei is a normal subloop; hence such a loop is simple if and only if it is a group or a simple unipotent loop. Loops in which squaring is a centralizing endomorphism have even more structure; they are power-associative, and a torsion loop in that class is a direct product of a loop of -elements and a loop of elements of odd order.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2510.19961,
title = {Loops with squares in two nuclei},
author = {Michael Kinyon and J. D. Phillips},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.19961},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
16 pages; v.2 minor typo fixes