LEPA: Learning Geometric Equivariance in Satellite Remote Sensing Data with a Predictive Architecture
Abstract
Geospatial foundation models provide precomputed embeddings that serve as compact feature vectors for large-scale satellite remote sensing data. While these embeddings can reduce data-transfer bottlenecks and computational costs, Earth observation (EO) applications can still face geometric mismatches between user-defined areas of interest and the fixed precomputed embedding grid. Standard latent-space interpolation is unreliable in this setting because the embedding manifold is highly non-convex, yielding representations that do not correspond to realistic inputs. We verify this using Prithvi-EO-2.0 to understand the shortcomings of interpolation applied to patch embeddings. As a substitute, we propose a Learned Equivariance-Predicting Architecture (LEPA). Instead of averaging vectors, LEPA conditions a predictor on geometric augmentations to directly predict the transformed embedding. We evaluate LEPA on NASA/USGS Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel (HLS) imagery and ImageNet-1k. Experiments show that standard interpolation achieves a mean reciprocal rank (MRR) below 0.2, whereas LEPA increases MRR to over 0.8, enabling accurate geometric adjustment without re-encoding.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2603.07246,
title = {LEPA: Learning Geometric Equivariance in Satellite Remote Sensing Data with a Predictive Architecture},
author = {Erik Scheurer and Rocco Sedona and Stefan Kesselheim and Gabriele Cavallaro},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.07246},
year = {2026}
}