Data-dependent transforms are increasingly being incorporated into next-generation video coding systems such as AVM, a codec under development by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM), and VVC. To circumvent the computational complexities associated with implementing non-separable data-dependent transforms, combinations of separable primary transforms and non-separable secondary transforms have been studied and integrated into video coding standards. These codecs often utilize rate-distortion optimized transforms (RDOT) to ensure that the new transforms complement existing transforms like the DCT and the ADST. In this work, we propose an optimization framework for jointly designing primary and secondary transforms from data through a rate-distortion optimized clustering. Primary transforms are assumed to follow a path-graph model, while secondary transforms are non-separable. We empirically evaluate our proposed approach using AVM residual data and demonstrate that 1) the joint clustering method achieves lower total RD cost in the RDOT design framework, and 2) jointly optimized separable path-graph transforms (SPGT) provide better coding efficiency compared to separable KLTs obtained from the same data.
@article{arxiv.2505.15104,
title = {Joint Optimization of Primary and Secondary Transforms Using Rate-Distortion Optimized Transform Design},
author = {Darukeesan Pakiyarajah and Eduardo Pavez and Antonio Ortega and Debargha Mukherjee and Onur Guleryuz and Keng-Shih Lu and Kruthika Koratti Sivakumar},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.15104},
year = {2025}
}