This paper proposes an Acceleration and Load-Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (ALD-EVRP), to optimize the energy consumption (EC) while capturing the effects of changing traffic conditions between peak and off-peak periods. We generalize the time-dependent speed model by replacing step functions with piecewise linear functions. The EC of each vehicle is influenced by its speed, acceleration, and real-time load. A mathematical model is developed and solved using BonMin, and a custom meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed for large-scale problems, yielding the same results as BonMin on small problems and performing better on larger ones. This is validated with real data from Singapore.
@article{arxiv.2511.18257,
title = {Energy-Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles under Acceleration and Load Effects},
author = {Tingting Su and Xinyue Zhang and Jingyi Zhao},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.18257},
year = {2025}
}