English

Dirac particles, spin and photons

High Energy Physics - Theory 2025-09-09 v2 Mathematical Physics math.MP Quantum Physics

Abstract

We describe relativistic particles with spin as points moving in phase space X=TR1,3×CL2×CR2X=T^* R^{1,3}\times C^2_L\times C^2_R, where TR1,3=R1,3×R1,3T^* R^{1,3}=R^{1,3}\times R^{1,3} is the space of coordinates and momenta, and CL2C^2_L and CR2C^2_R are the spaces of representation of the Lorentz group of type (12,0)(\frac12 , 0) and (0,12)(0, \frac12). Passing from relativistic mechanics with a Lorentz-invariant Hamiltonian function HH on the phase space XX to quantum mechanics with a Hamiltonian operator H^\hat H, we introduce two complex conjugate line bundles LC+L_C^+ and LCL_C^- over XX. Quantum particles are introduced as sections Ψ+\Psi_+ of the bundle LC+L_C^+ holomorphic along the space CL2×CR2C^2_L\times C^2_R, and antiparticles are sections Ψ\Psi_-^{} of the bundle LCL_C^- antiholomorphic along the internal spin space CL2×CR2C^2_L\times C^2_R. The wave functions Ψ±\Psi_\pm are characterized by conserved charges qv=±1q_{\sf{v}}=\pm 1 associated with the structure group U(1)v_{\sf{v}} of the bundles LC±L_C^\pm. Wave functions Ψ±\Psi_\pm are governed by relativistic analogue of the Schr\"odinger equation. We show how fields with spin s=0s=0 (Klein-Gordon), spin s=12s=\frac12 (Dirac) and spin s=1s=1 (Proca fields) arise from these equations in the zeroth, first, and second order expansions of the functions Ψ±\Psi_\pm^{} in the coordinates of the spin space CL2×CR2C^2_L\times C^2_R. The Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Proca equations for these fields follow from the Schr\"odinger equation on the extended phase space TR1,3×CL2×CR2T^* R^{1,3}\times C^2_L\times C^2_R. Using these results, we also introduce equations describing first quantized photons. We show that taking into account the charges qv=±1q_{\sf{v}}=\pm 1 of the fields Ψ±\Psi_\pm changes the definitions of the inner products and currents, which eliminates negative energies and negative probabilities from relativistic quantum mechanics.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2508.21590,
  title  = {Dirac particles, spin and photons},
  author = {Alexander D. Popov},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21590},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

56 pages; v2: minor corrections

R2 v1 2026-07-01T05:12:08.125Z