Dirac particles, spin and photons
Abstract
We describe relativistic particles with spin as points moving in phase space , where is the space of coordinates and momenta, and and are the spaces of representation of the Lorentz group of type and . Passing from relativistic mechanics with a Lorentz-invariant Hamiltonian function on the phase space to quantum mechanics with a Hamiltonian operator , we introduce two complex conjugate line bundles and over . Quantum particles are introduced as sections of the bundle holomorphic along the space , and antiparticles are sections of the bundle antiholomorphic along the internal spin space . The wave functions are characterized by conserved charges associated with the structure group U(1) of the bundles . Wave functions are governed by relativistic analogue of the Schr\"odinger equation. We show how fields with spin (Klein-Gordon), spin (Dirac) and spin (Proca fields) arise from these equations in the zeroth, first, and second order expansions of the functions in the coordinates of the spin space . The Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Proca equations for these fields follow from the Schr\"odinger equation on the extended phase space . Using these results, we also introduce equations describing first quantized photons. We show that taking into account the charges of the fields changes the definitions of the inner products and currents, which eliminates negative energies and negative probabilities from relativistic quantum mechanics.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2508.21590,
title = {Dirac particles, spin and photons},
author = {Alexander D. Popov},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21590},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
56 pages; v2: minor corrections