On-device large language models commonly employ task-specific adapters (e.g., LoRAs) to deliver strong performance on downstream tasks. While storing all available adapters is impractical due to memory constraints, mobile devices typically have sufficient capacity to store a limited number of these parameters. This raises a critical challenge: how to select representative adapters that generalize well across multiple tasks - a problem that remains unexplored in existing literature. We propose a novel method D2C for adapter clustering that leverages minimal task-specific examples (e.g., 10 per task) and employs an iterative optimization process to refine cluster assignments. The adapters within each cluster are merged, creating multi-task adapters deployable on resource-constrained devices. Experimental results demonstrate that our method effectively boosts performance for considered storage budgets.
@article{arxiv.2601.17441,
title = {Data-driven Clustering and Merging of Adapters for On-device Large Language Models},
author = {Ondrej Bohdal and Taha Ceritli and Mete Ozay and Jijoong Moon and Kyeng-Hun Lee and Hyeonmok Ko and Umberto Michieli},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.17441},
year = {2026}
}