Continuous $\beta$ function for the SU(3) gauge systems with two and twelve fundamental flavors

The gradient flow transformation can be interpreted as continuous real-space renormalization group transformation if a coarse-graining step is incorporated as part of calculating expectation values. The method allows to predict critical properties of strongly coupled systems including the renormalization group $\beta$ function and anomalous dimensions at nonperturbative fixed points. In this contribution we discuss a new analysis of the continuous renormalization group $\beta$ function for $N_f=2$ and $N_f=12$ fundamental flavors in SU(3) gauge theories based on this method. We follow the approach developed and tested for the $N_f=2$ system in arXiv:1910.06408. Here we present further information on the analysis, emphasizing the robustness and intuitive features of the continuous $\beta$ function calculation. We also discuss the applicability of the continuous $\beta$ function calculation in conformal systems, extending the possible phase diagram to include a 4-fermion interaction. The numerical analysis for $N_f=12$ uses the same set of ensembles that was generated and analyzed for the step scaling function in arXiv:1909.05842. The new analysis uses volumes with $L \ge 20$ and determines the $\beta$ function in the $c=0$ gradient flow renormalization scheme. The continuous $\beta$ function predicts the existence of a conformal fixed point and is consistent between different operators. Although determinations of the step scaling and continuous $\beta$ function use different renormalization schemes, they both predict the existence of a conformal fixed point around $g^2\sim 6$.