We introduce the concept of code shaping, an interaction paradigm for editing code using free-form sketch annotations directly on top of the code and console output. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a three-stage design study with 18 different programmers to investigate how sketches can communicate intended code edits to an AI model for interpretation and execution. The results show how different sketches are used, the strategies programmers employ during iterative interactions with AI interpretations, and interaction design principles that support the reconciliation between the code editor and sketches. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of the code shaping concept with two use case scenarios, illustrating design implications from the study.
@article{arxiv.2502.03719,
title = {Code Shaping: Iterative Code Editing with Free-form AI-Interpreted Sketching},
author = {Ryan Yen and Jian Zhao and Daniel Vogel},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.03719},
year = {2025}
}