CMB Polarization Measurements

The polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation carries essential information on early stages of the Universe such as the cosmic inflation, forming cosmological structures through gravitational lensing, and the epoch of re-ionization. The signal requires high sensitivity instruments with a large number of detectors (bolometers) and low leakage of Stokes $I$ into $Q$ and $U$. The Galactic diffuse foreground emission is a limiting factor in CMB polarization measurements, requiring its characterization at both low and high frequency compared to the peak of the CMB emission, in order to be subtracted off. In this paper we describe the next generation space experiment for the measure of the CMB polarization, LiteBIRD, that is aimed to investigate the first fractions of a second of the Universe and is expected to be flown at the beginning of the next decade. Also, we describe the experiments designed for measuring the foreground emissions from our own Galaxy. Finally, we also describe sub-orbital experiments, operating and planned, as they are vehicles for the development of technologies and data reduction tools that have been and will be used in space missions.