Central limit theorems for directional and linear random variables with applications

A central limit theorem for the integrated squared error of the directional-linear kernel density estimator is established. The result enables the construction and analysis of two testing procedures based on squared loss: a nonparametric independence test for directional and linear random variables and a goodness-of-fit test for parametric families of directional-linear densities. Limit distributions for both test statistics, and a consistent bootstrap strategy for the goodness-of-fit test, are developed for the directional-linear case and adapted to the directional-directional setting. Finite sample performance for the goodness-of-fit test is illustrated in a simulation study. This test is also applied to datasets from biology and environmental sciences.