English

Bulk viscosity in strong and electroweak matter

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology 2021-10-06 v3

Abstract

For temperatures TT ranging from a few MeV up to TeV and energy density ρ\rho up to 1016 10^{16}~GeV/fm3^3, the bulk viscosity ζ\zeta is calculated in non-perturbation (up, down, strange, charm, and bottom) and perturbation theories with up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top quark flavors, at vanishing baryon-chemical potential. To these calculations, results deduced from the effective QCD-like model, the Polyakov linear-sigma model (PLSM), are also integrated in. The PLSM merely comes up with essential contributions for the vacuum and thermal condensations of the gluons and the quarks (up, down, strange, and charm flavors). Furthermore, the thermal contributions of the photons, neutrinos, charged leptons, electroweak particles, and scalar Higgs boson, are found very significant along the entire range of TT and ρ\rho and therefore could be well integrated in. We present the dimensionless quantity 9ω0ζ/Ts9 \omega_0 \zeta/Ts, where ω0\omega_0 is a perturbative scale and ss is the entropy density and conclude that 9ω0ζ/Ts9 \omega_0 \zeta/Ts exponentially decreases with increasing TT. We also conclude that the resulting ζ\zeta with the non-perturbative and perturbative QCD contributions non-monotonically increases with increasing ρ\rho. But with nearly-entire standard model contributions considered in the present study, ζ\zeta almost-linearly increases with increasing ρ\rho. Apparently, these results offer a great deal to explore in astrophysics, cosmology, and nuclear collisions.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1911.02797,
  title  = {Bulk viscosity in strong and electroweak matter},
  author = {Abdel Nasser Tawfik and Carsten Greiner},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.02797},
  year   = {2021}
}

Comments

21 pages, 5 figures

R2 v1 2026-06-23T12:08:17.930Z