Arithmetic of partitions and the $q$-bracket operator

We present a natural multiplicative theory of integer partitions (which are usually considered in terms of addition), and find many theorems of classical number theory arise as particular cases of extremely general combinatorial structure laws. We then see that the relatively recently-defined $q$-bracket operator $\left<f\right>_q$, studied by Bloch-Okounkov, Zagier, and others for its quasimodular properties, plays a deep role in the theory of partitions, quite apart from questions of modularity. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for the coefficients of $\left<f\right>_q$ for any function $f$ defined on partitions, and, conversely, give a partition-theoretic function whose $q$-bracket is a given power series.