Power systems modeling and planning has long leveraged mathematical programming for its ability to provide optimality and feasibility guarantees. One feature that has been recognized in the optimization literature since the 1970s is the existence and meaning of multiple exact optimal and near-optimal solutions, which we call alternative solutions. In power systems modeling, the use of alternative solutions has been limited to energy system optimization modeling (ESOM) applications and modeling to generate alternative (MGA) techniques. We present three key results about alternative solutions for power systems modeling. First, we give a perspective, based on sublevel sets and projection, for characterizing alternative solutions as a facet of general optimization theory. Second, we include pointers to alternative solution generation methods and tools beyond MGA-style techniques. Third, we demonstrate the use cases for alternative solutions in power system modeling on the fundamental optimal power flow problem.
@article{arxiv.2511.08805,
title = {An Optimal Solution is Not Enough: Alternative Solutions and Optimal Power Systems},
author = {Matthew Viens and J. Kyle Skolfield and William E. Hart and Michael Ferris},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.08805},
year = {2025}
}