English

Almost all primes are partially regular

Number Theory 2026-02-06 v1

Abstract

For odd primes pp, we let Kp:=Q(ζp)K_p:=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p) be the ppth cyclotomic field and let ω\omega denote its Teichmuller character. For α>1/2\alpha>1/2, we say that an odd prime pp is partially regular if the eigenspaces of the pp-Sylow subgroup of Cl(Kp)\operatorname{Cl}(K_p) under the Galois action vanish for all characters ωp2k\omega^{p-2k} with 22kp(logp)α. 2\le 2k \le \frac{\sqrt{p}}{(\log p)^{\alpha}}. Equivalently, pnum(B2k)p\nmid \operatorname{num}(B_{2k}) throughout this range. We prove that a density-one subset of primes is partially regular in this sense. By Leopoldt reflection, this yields a partial Vandiver Theorem: for a density-one set of primes pp, the even eigenspaces Ap(ω2k)A_p(\omega^{2k}) vanish for all even 2k2k satisfying the inequality above. This result has consequences for Kubota-Leopoldt pp-adic LL-functions, congruences between cusp forms and Eisenstein series, and pp-torsion in algebraic KK-groups. The theorem proving partial regularity for almost all pp is fully formalized in Lean/Mathlib and was produced automatically by AxiomProver from a natural-language statement of the conjecture.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2602.05090,
  title  = {Almost all primes are partially regular},
  author = {Evan Chen and Chris Cummins and Ben Eltschig and Dejan Grubisic and Leopold Haller and Letong Hong and Andranik Kurghinyan and Kenny Lau and Hugh Leather and Seewoo Lee and Aram Markosyan and Ken Ono and Manooshree Patel and Gaurang Pendharkar and Vedant Rathi and Alex Schneidman and Volker Seeker and Shubho Sengupta and Ishan Sinha and Jimmy Xin and Jujian Zhang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.05090},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T09:36:52.986Z