Accurate quantum state estimation via "Keeping the experimentalist honest"

In this article, we derive a unique procedure for quantum state estimation from a simple, self-evident principle: an experimentalist's estimate of the quantum state generated by an apparatus should be constrained by honesty. A skeptical observer should subject the estimate to a test that guarantees that a self-interested experimentalist will report the true state as accurately as possible. We also find a non-asymptotic, operational interpretation of the quantum relative entropy function.