English

A magic determinant formula for symmetric polynomials of eigenvalues

Combinatorics 2020-09-22 v2

Abstract

Symmetric polynomials of the roots of a polynomial can be written as polynomials of the coefficients, and by applying this to the characteristic polynomial we can write a symmetric polynomial of the eigenvalues aia_{i} of an n×nn\times n matrix AA as a polynomial of the entries of the matrix. We give a magic formula for this: symbolically substitute aAa\mapsto A in the symmetric polynomial and replace multiplication by det\det. For instance, for a 2×22\times2 matrix AA with eigenvalues a1,a2a_{1},a_{2}, \begin{align*} a_1 a_2^2 +a_1^2 a_2 & =\det(A_1, A_2^2)+ \det(A_1^2, A_2) \end{align*} where AikA_i^k is the ii-th column of AkA^k. One may also take negative powers, allowing us to calculate: \begin{align*} a_1a_2^{-1}+a_1^{-1}a_{2} & =\det(A_{1},A_{2}^{-1})+\det(A_1^{-1},A_{2}) \end{align*} The magic method also works for multivariate symmetric polynomials of the eigenvalues of a set of commuting matrices, e.g. for 2×22\times2 matrices AA and BB with eigenvalues a1,a2a_1,a_2 and b1,b2b_{1},b_{2}, \begin{align*} a_1 b_1 a_2^2 + a_1^2a_2b_2 & = \det(AB_{1},A_2^2) + \det(A_1^2,AB_2) \end{align*}

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2009.01345,
  title  = {A magic determinant formula for symmetric polynomials of eigenvalues},
  author = {Jules Jacobs},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.01345},
  year   = {2020}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-23T18:16:48.413Z