English

A Breathing Universe is Consistent

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology 2026-05-14 v2

Abstract

We consider a toy FRW universe with the exotic topology S1×S3S^1 \times S^3. We show that for a specific choice of quantum field content, the semi-classical Friedman equations are consistent with temporal periodicity as required by the S1S^1 timelike factor. A straightforward consequence is that entropy reversals occur during each cycle, consistent with Hawking's proposed connection between the thermodynamic and cosmological arrows of time.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2507.06385,
  title  = {A Breathing Universe is Consistent},
  author = {Samuel Blitz},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.06385},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

7 pages, 1 figure, updated to reflect journal version 2026 Class. Quantum Grav

R2 v1 2026-07-01T03:52:23.876Z