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Large language models have improved rapidly on tasks with verifiable answers, such as mathematics and programming. Much less is known about their ability to reason about what we call conceptual questions: questions for which no ground truth…

Verifying retiming followed by additional sequential resynthesis steps remains challenging for existing tools, limiting aggressive optimizations. Commonly-used equivalence checking tools rely on internal resynthesis operations and…

Agentic systems driven by large language models (LLMs) regularly feature two key mechanisms to autonomously solve complex problems: synthesizing text-based knowledge and procedures from past experiences and building parametric…

Climate change reshapes food webs by altering species distributions and interactions, making it essential to identify structural backbones of interactions that persist across ecosystems. Deterministic alignment methods are computationally…

Dimeric transport motors are nanoscale protein complexes that move along cytoskeletal filaments. Here we introduce a theoretical model for their stepping dynamics, in which the two motor heads undergo Brownian motion with mobilities…

Recent advances in robotics research have created a strong demand for high-performance simulators. Surgical robotics simulation faces unique challenges due to the need to model diverse objects, such as rigid instruments, soft tissue, and…

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis is the rigorous quantification of the shape, size, and spatial arrangement of the microstructure beyond comparison of average values. We expound on formal principles combining Topological…

We investigate the emergence of electronic order and unconventional superconductivity in M-valley moir\'e materials. Starting from a first-principles Wannier model of AB-stacked twisted SnSe2, we tackle the (gate-screened) long-ranged…

For many applications of SNARKs, a key bottleneck is proving large batches of standard cryptographic hash evaluations, such as SHA-256, Keccak, or BLAKE3. We introduce Flock, a hash-based SNARK for extremely fast proving of such batched…

Open medical language models have converged on a single scale: every widely used system runs at 7B parameters or more, leaving the sub-billion regime uncharacterized. We present MedLLM, an open 0.1B-parameter medical language model trained…

We study the variational properties of the spectrum of the Dirichlet-to-Robin map $\mathcal{D}_g$ on connected compact manifolds with boundary of dimension at least three. For the first eigenvalue, we show that Type II Yamabe metrics…

We extend the vertex polynomial to graphs of arbitrary degree and prove local relations that hold when a graph contains a digon, triangle, quadrilateral or pentagon.

Detecting anomalies in longitudinal clinical profiles is clinically important but difficult: abnormal evidence is often sparse, patient histories have unequal length, and expert explanations are costly. We propose INCLAIR, a framework that…

Piezoresponse force microscopy is a cornerstone technique for probing nanoscale electromechanical phenomena, yet quantitative and in some cases qualitative interpretation remains hindered by parasitic electrostatic forces coupled through…

Design/methodology/approach A time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model is employed to quantify dynamic connectedness and directional volatility spillovers using daily data from May 1, 2013, to May 2, 2023. The study…

Reusable skills are becoming a standard interface for extending language agents with task procedures. Yet evaluators usually infer skill use from visible reasoning or the agent's own attribution. These signals show what the agent appears to…

A plank of width $w$ in a Euclidean space is the set of points lying between two parallel hyperplanes at distance $w$ from each other. Bang's theorem says that if a family of planks covers a convex body $K$, then their total width is at…

A temporally drifting data stream may pass through discrete regimes rather than changing continuously. We ask whether such regimes are recoverable from the weights of models trained on the stream, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) fit to…

Neptune's single large moon, Triton, is accompanied by a set of dusty rings and small moons whose composition and origin are uncertain. Using the James Webb Space Telescope, we observed Neptune's rings and three moons: Larissa, Galatea, and…

Granite is a methodology for modular verification of both functional correctness and nonleakage of RTL processors against ISA contracts. We prove that the cycle-by-cycle timing of a pipelined RISC design--with speculation, precise…