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We introduce the notion of a Schmidt number of a bipartite density matrix, characterizing the minimum Schmidt rank of the pure states that are needed to construct the density matrix. We prove that Schmidt number is nonincreasing under local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Barbara M. Terhal , Pawel Horodecki

Bound entangled states are states that are entangled but from which no entanglement can be distilled if all parties are allowed only local operations and classical communication. However, in creating these states one needs nonzero…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Tzu-Chieh Wei , Joseph B. Altepeter , Paul M. Goldbart , William J. Munro

Bipartite quantum states are classified into three categories: separable states, bound entangled states, and free entangled states. It is of great importance to characterize these families of states for the development of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tohya Hiroshima

We consider the separability of rank two quantum states on multiple quantum spaces with different dimensions. The sufficient and necessary conditions for separability of these multiparty quantum states are explicitly presented. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shao-Ming Fei , Xiu-Hong Gao , Xiao-Hong Wang , Zhi-Xi Wang , Ke Wu

We examine two conditions that can be used to detect bipartite entanglement, and show that they can be used to provide lower bounds on the negativity of states. We begin with two-qubit states, and then show how what was done there can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Mark Hillery , Camilla Polvara , Vadim Oganesyan , Nada Ali

We present a lower bound of concurrence for arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum states. This lower bound may be used to improve all the known lower bounds of concurrence. Moreover, the lower bound gives rise to an operational sufficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-26 Ming-Jing Zhao , Xue-Na Zhu , Shao-Ming Fei , Xianqing Li-Jost

We analyze the properties of entangled random pure states of a quantum system partitioned into two smaller subsystems of dimensions $N$ and $M$. Framing the problem in terms of random matrices with a fixed-trace constraint, we establish,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-05-11 Pierpaolo Vivo , Mauricio P. Pato , Gleb Oshanin

Assuming the validity of a conjecture in quant-ph/9910026 and quant-ph/9910022 we show that the distillable entanglement for two bipartite states, each of which individually has zero distillable entanglement, can be nonzero. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Peter W. Shor , John A. Smolin , Barbara M. Terhal

No pure entangled state can be distilled from a $2\otimes 2$ or $2\otimes 3$ mixed state by separable operations. In $3\otimes 3$, pure entanglement can be distilled by separable operation but not by LOCC. In this letter, we proved the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Indranil Biswas , Atanu Bhunia , Indrani Chattopadhyay , Debasis Sarkar

We show that, in a multi-party setting, two non-distillable (bound-entangled) states tensored together can make a distillable state. This is an example of true superadditivity of distillable entanglement. We also show that unlockable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter W. Shor , John A. Smolin , Ashish V. Thapliyal

Motivated by the Kronecker product approximation technique, we have developed a very simple method to assess the inseparability of bipartite quantum systems, which is based on a realigned matrix constructed from the density matrix. For any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kai Chen , Ling-An Wu

Absolutely Maximally Entangled (AME) states are important resources in quantum information processing; however, a general systematic approach for constructing these states remains a formidable challenge. We identify a finite-field rank…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Zakaria Dahbi , Amelle Zair

Entanglement in incoherent mixtures of pure states of two qubits is considered via the concurrence measure. A set of pure states is optimal if the concurrence for any mixture of them is the weighted sum of the concurrences of the generating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-11 K. V. Shuddhodan , M. S. Ramkarthik , Arul Lakshminarayan

We study the closest disentangled state to a given entangled state in any system (multi-party with any dimension). We obtain the set of equations the closest disentangled state must satisfy, and show that its reduction is strongly related…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Satoshi Ishizaka

For general bipartite mixed states, a sufficient and necessary mathematical condition for certifying entanglement and/or (Bell) non-locality remains unknown. In this paper, we examine this question for a broad and physically relevant class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-24 Alexander Bernal , J. Alberto Casas , Juan Falceto

Given a bipartite quantum system represented by a tensor product of two Hilbert spaces, we give an elementary argument showing that if either component space is infinite-dimensional, then the set of nonseparable density operators is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Rob Clifton , Hans Halvorson

In [Science 340, 1205, 7 June (2013)], via polytopes Michael Walter et al. proposed a sufficient condition detecting the genuinely entangled pure states. In this paper, assume that a state with six non-zero coefficients is not a trivially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Dafa Li

The bipartite entanglement of a pure quantum state is known to be characterized by its Schmidt decomposition. In particular the state is maximally entangled when all the Schmidt coefficients are equal. We point out a convenient method which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-01-09 M. Bhattacharya

We review the problem of discriminating entangled states from separable states for bipartite systems. We formally define what entangled states are, present some important criteria to detect entanglement, and show how they can be classified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen , Maciej Lewenstein , Anna Sanpera

Characterization of the multipartite mixed state entanglement is still a challenging problem. Since due to the fact that the entanglement for the mixed states, in general, is defined by a convex-roof extension. That is the entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-30 M. A. Jafarizadeh , M. Yahyavi , A. Heshmati , N. Karimi , A. Mohamadzadeh , F. Eghbalifam , S. Nami