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This paper presents the measurement problem from the point of view of the thermal interpretation of quantum physics introduced in Part II. The measurement of a Hermitian quantity $A$ is regarded as giving an uncertain value approximating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Arnold Neumaier

The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which first took shape in Bohr's landmark 1928 paper on complementarity, remains an enigma. Although many physicists are skeptical about the necessity of Bohr's philosophical conclusions,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-27 Bradley A. Foreman

By comparing Schr\"odinger's cat with its classical counterpart, I show that a quantum superposition should be understood as an expectation over possible eigenstates weighted by wave-like probabilities. Upon the occurrence of a certain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Yanting Wang

The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been a problem since its founding days. A large contribution to the discussion of possible interpretations of quantum mechanics is given by the so-called impossibility proofs for hidden variable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-09 Ronnie Hermens

It is shown how to obtain state vectors associated with measurements on the separated subystems of an entangled state, revealing how a single wavefunction encodes a set of statistical measurement outcomes. The result explains why…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Grgeory D. Scholes

Motivated by the expectation that relativistic symmetries might acquire quantum features in Quantum Gravity, we take the first steps towards a theory of ''Doubly'' Quantum Mechanics, a modification of Quantum Mechanics in which the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Vittorio D'Esposito , Giuseppe Fabiano , Domenico Frattulillo , Flavio Mercati

Classical physics and quantum physics suggest two meta-physical types of reality: the classical notion of a objectively definite reality with properties "all the way down," and the quantum notion of an objectively indefinite type of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-25 David Ellerman

We propose an extended quantum theory, in which the number K of parameters necessary to characterize a quantum state behaves as fourth power of the number N of distinguishable states. As the simplex of classical N-point probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Karol Zyczkowski

Left on its own, a quantum state evolves deterministically under the Schr\"odinger Equation, forming superpositions. Upon measurement, however, a stochastic process governed by the Born rule collapses it to a single outcome. This dual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Anderson A. Tomaz , Rafael S. Mattos , Mario Barbatti

A formulation of quantum mechanics, which begins by postulating assertions for individual physical systems, is given. The statistical predictions of quantum mechanics for infinite ensembles are then derived from its assertions for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-08 J. B. Hartle

We argue that in contrast to the classical physics, the measurements in the quantum mechanics should provide simultaneous information about all relevant relative amplitudes (pure states and the transitions between them) and all relevant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-23 Daniel Sepunaru , Uzi Notev

Is the dynamical evolution of physical systems objectively a manifestation of information processing by the universe? We find that an affirmative answer has important consequences for the measurement problem. In particular, we calculate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. Srikanth

The quantum mechanics description of a physical object stretched in space and stable in time from the relativistic space-time properties point of view, introduced in special theory of relativity, is considered and analysed. The mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrey V. Novikov-Borodin

The complex Hilbert space of standard quantum mechanics may be treated as a real Hilbert space. The pure states of the complex theory become mixed states in the real formulation. It is then possible to generalize standard quantum mechanics,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jan Myrheim

Despite its enormous empirical success, the formalism of quantum theory still raises fundamental questions: why is nature described in terms of complex Hilbert spaces, and what modifications of it could we reasonably expect to find in some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-27 Marius Krumm , Howard Barnum , Jonathan Barrett , Markus P. Mueller

When investigating theories at the tiniest conceivable scales in nature, almost all researchers today revert to the quantum language, accepting the verdict from the Copenhagen doctrine that the only way to describe what is going on will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-22 Gerard 't Hooft

We implement Feynman's suggestion that the only missing notion needed for the puzzle of Quantum Measurement is the statistical mechanics of amplifying apparatus. We define a thermodynamic limit of quantum amplifiers which is a classically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Joseph Johnson

Establishing a notion of the quantum state that applies consistently across space and time could be a crucial step toward formulating a relativistic quantum theory. We give an operational meaning to multipartite quantum states over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Seok Hyung Lie , Hyukjoon Kwon

A generalized Bloch sphere, in which the states of a quantum entity of arbitrary dimension are geometrically represented, is investigated and further extended, to also incorporate the measurements. This extended representation constitutes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-16 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

Analysing Quantum Measurement requires analysing the physics of amplification since amplification of phenomena from one scale to another scale is essential to measurement. There still remains the task of working this into an axiomatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Joseph F. Johnson