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The symmetry studies of Maxwell equations gave new insight on the nature of electromagnetic (EM) field. Tey are reviewed in the work presented. It is drawing the attention on the following aspects. EM-field has in general case quaternion…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-07-11 Dmitri Yerchuck , Alla Dovlatova , Andrey Alexandrov

In an exact quantum-mechanical framework, we show that expectation values of the second-quantized electro-magnetic fields in the Coulomb gauge, and in the presence of classical sources, automatically lead to causal and retarded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-02 Bo-Sture K. Skagerstam , Karl-Erik Eriksson , Per K. Rekdal

Atomic-like systems in which electronic motion is two dimensional are now realizable as ``quantum dots''. In place of the attraction of a nucleus there is a confining potential, usually assumed to be quadratic. Additionally, a perpendicular…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 E. H. Lieb , J. P. Solovej , J. Yngvason

Quantum field theory is assumed to be gauge invariant. It is shown that for a Dirac field the assumption of gauge invariance impacts on the way the vacuum state is defined. It is shown that the conventional definition of the vacuum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Dan Solomon

We advocate that the dual picture of spacetime noncommutativity , i.e. the existence of a curved momentum space, could be a way out to solve some of the open conceptual problems in the field, such as the basis dependence of observables. In…

General Physics · Physics 2025-12-10 S. A. Franchino-Viñas

It is proved by a functional method that the conventional expression for the Dirac current is the only conserved 4-vector implied by the Dirac equation that is a function of just the quantum state. The demonstration is extended to derive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Peter Holland

It is well known that there can be negative energy densities in quantum field theory. Most of the work done in this area has involved free non-interacting systems. In this paper we show how a quantum state with negative energy density can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Dan Solomon

The aim of this review is to outline a full route from the fundamental principles of algebraic quantum field theory on curved spacetime in its present-day form to explicit phenomenological applications which allow for comparison with…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-09-02 Klaus Fredenhagen , Thomas-Paul Hack

The Abraham--Minkowski momentum controversy is the outwardly visible symptom of an inconsistency in the use of the energy-momentum tensor in the case of a plane quasimonochromatic field in a simple linear dielectric. We show that the Gordon…

Classical Physics · Physics 2012-11-09 Michael E. Crenshaw

We derive Maxwell equations for electric and magnetic fields in curved spacetime from first principles, relaxing an unnecessary assumption on the structure of the four-potential inherent to the standard approach and thus restoring the full…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-10-13 Anton V. Sokolov

The Dirac equation with a U(1) vortex in the mass-term is solved in the presence of magnetic-like fields at zero energy. By drawing an analogy to classical mechanics, it is shown that the four-component Dirac equation in arbitrary magnetic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2010-05-21 Igor F. Herbut

We have previously presented a version of the Weak Equivalence Principle for a quantum particle as an exact analog of the classical case, based on the Heisenberg picture analysis of free particle motion. Here, we take that to a full…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-17 Otto C. W. Kong

In this and companion papers, we show that quantum field theories with gauge symmetries permit a broader class of classical dynamics than typically assumed. In this article, we show that the quantization of electromagnetism permits the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-07-19 David E. Kaplan , Tom Melia , Surjeet Rajendran

Building on the "quantum inequalities" introduced by Ford, I argue that the negative local energies encountered in quantum field theory can only be observed by detectors with positive energies at least as great in magnitude. This means that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Adam D. Helfer

Quantum Weak Energy Inequalities (QWEIs) are results which limit the extent to which the smeared renormalised energy density of a quantum field can be negative. On globally hyperbolic spacetimes the massive quantum Dirac field is known to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Calvin J. Smith

In quantum theory it is generally assumed that there exists a special state called the vacuum state and that this state is a lower bound to the energy. However it has recently been demonstrated that this is not necessarily the case for some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-21 Dan Solomon

We calculate the energy-momentum tensor due to electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations between two parallel hyperplanes in more than four dimensions, considering both metallic and MIT boundary conditions. Using the axial gauge, the problem can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 H. Alnes , K. Olaussen , F. Ravndal , I. K. Wehus

Quantum mechanics with quaternionic mass is considered. The momentum eigen-value equation with quaternionic mass yields the Klein-Gordon equation with a mass consisting of longitudinal and traverse masses. The scalar field total mass is…

General Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 A. I. Arbab

The stability of the vacuum for QED in the temporal gauge will be examined. It is generally assumed that the vacuum state is the quantum state with the lowest energy. However, it will be shown that this is not the case for a system…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Dan Solomon

A QED-based mechanism, breaking translational invariance of the vacuum at sufficiently small distance scales, is suggested as an explanation for the vacuum energy pressure that accelerates the universe. Very-small-scale virtual vacuum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 H. M. Fried