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Quantum descriptions of polarization show the rich degrees of freedom underlying classical light. While changes in polarization of light are well-described classically, a full quantum description of polarimetry, which characterizes…
Quantum approaches relying on entangled photons have been recently proposed to increase the efficiency of optical measurements. We demonstrate here that, surprisingly, the use of classical light with entangled degrees of freedom can also…
A general procedure for construction of the formalism of quantum beam optics for any particle is reviewed. The quantum formalism of spin-1/2 particle beam optics is presented starting {\em ab initio} with the Dirac equation. As an example…
We analyze the behavior of light as it passes through systems composed of polarizing filters at different angular orientations. The analysis is initially conducted in the context of classical optics, using Malus's Law to calculate the…
Light beams offer many degrees of freedom to be explored in discrete and continuous domains. In addition to the possibility of entangling photons in these many degrees of freedom, it makes light a very useful and versatile tool for quantum…
We investigate theoretical properties of beams of light with non-uniform polarization patterns. Specifically, we determine all possible configurations of cylindrically polarized modes (CPMs) of the electro-magnetic field, calculate their…
Classical optics can be used to efficiently implement certain quantum information processing tasks with a high degree of control, for example, one-dimensional quantum walks through the space of orbital angular momentum of light directed by…
The properties of coherence and polarization of light has been the subject of intense investigations and form the basis of many technological applications. These concepts which historically have been treated independently can now be…
Conventional polarimetry, including schemes leveraging entangled light, characterizes optical samples through linear transformations of polarization states. We introduce a two-photon probing approach in which both photons of an entangled…
In this study, we explore a form of quantum circuit complexity that extends to open systems. To illustrate our methodology, we focus on a basic model where the projective Hilbert space of states is depicted by the set of orientations in the…
We show how the quantum process of splitting light may be modelled in classical optics. A second result is the possibility to engineer specific forms of a classical field.
The Mueller-Stokes formalism which governs conventional polarization optics is formulated for plane waves, and thus the only qualification one could demand of a $4\times 4$ real matrix $M$ in order that it qualifies to be the Mueller matrix…
Qutrits, the triple level quantum systems in various forms, have been proposed for quantum information processing recently. By the methods presented in this paper a bi-photonic qutrit, which is encoded with the polarizations of two photons…
We comprehensively review the quantum theory of the polarization properties of light. In classical optics, these traits are characterized by the Stokes parameters, which can be geometrically interpreted using the Poincar\'e sphere.…
Polarization is one of light's most versatile degrees of freedom for both classical and quantum applications. The ability to measure light's state of polarization and changes therein is thus essential; this is the science of polarimetry. It…
A formalism for two-photon Stokes parameters is introduced to describe the polarization entanglement of photon pairs. This leads to the definition of a degree of two-photon polarization, which describes the extent to which the two photons…
While optics and mechanics are two distinct branches of physics, they are connected. It is well known that geometrical/ray treatment of light has direct analogies to mechanical descriptions of particle motion. However, connections between…
We analyze the strength of polarization correlations between two light beams that can be achieved in the semiclassical regime using statistical mixtures of coherent states and binary on/off detectors. Under certain symmetry assumptions, the…
Quantum optics plays a central role in the study of fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, and in the development of new technological applications. Typical experiments employ non-classical light, such as entangled photons, generated by…
We review a few useful concepts about polarization measurements in the quantum domain. Using a perfectly general formalism, we show how to build the quantum counterpart of some classical quantities like Stokes parameters and Mueller…