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In this paper we provide a proof of unconditional security for a semi-quantum key distribution protocol introduced in a previous work. This particular protocol demonstrated the possibility of using $X$ basis states to contribute to the raw…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-27 Walter O. Krawec

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. Among QKD protocols, the BB84 scheme remains the most widely adopted for both theoretical research and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Jaydeep Rath , Prajwal Panth , P. S. N. Bhaskar

Quantum technology can enable secure communication for cryptography purposes using quantum key distribution. Quantum key distribution protocols provide a secret key between two users with security guaranteed by the laws of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-11 Venkat Abhignan , Abhishek Jamunkar , Gokul Nair , Mohit Mittal , Megha Shrivastava

We introduce a new continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) protocol, self-referenced CV-QKD, that eliminates the need for transmission of a high-power local oscillator between the communicating parties. In this protocol, each…

A detailled analysis of quantum key distribution employing entangled states is presented. We tested a system based on photon pairs entangled in energy-time optimized for long distance transmission. It is based on a Franson type set-up for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Gregoire Ribordy , Juergen Brendel , Jean-Daniel Gautier , Nicolas Gisin , Hugo Zbinden

We consider the asymptotic key rates achieved in the simplest quantum key distribution protocols, namely the BB84 and the six-state protocols, when non-uniform noise is present in the system. We first observe that higher qubit error rates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-02 Gláucia Murta , Filip Rozpędek , Jérémy Ribeiro , David Elkouss , Stephanie Wehner

Standard security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols often rely on symmetry arguments. In this paper, we prove the security of a three-state protocol that does not possess rotational symmetry. The three-state QKD protocol we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises everlasting security based on the laws of physics. Most common protocols are grouped into two distinct categories based on the degrees of freedom used to carry information, which can be either…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Jasminder S. Sidhu , Rocco Maggi , Saverio Pascazio , Cosmo Lupo

Imperfect bit-and-basis encoders compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems via modulation flaws, side channels and inter-pulse correlations, which invalidate standard security proofs. Existing results addressing such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo , Margarida Pereira , Go Kato , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

The security of a high speed quantum key distribution system with finite detector dead time \tau is analyzed. When the transmission rate becomes higher than the maximum count rate of the individual detectors (1/\tau ), security issues…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Viacheslav Burenkov , Bing Qi , Ben Fortescue , Hoi-Kwong Lo

We present an approach to the unconditional security of quantum key distribution protocols based on the uncertainty principle. The approach applies to every case that has been treated via the argument by Shor and Preskill, and relieve them…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Masato Koashi

We introduce a new quantum key distribution protocol that uses d-level quantum systems to encode an alphabet with c letters. It has the property that the error rate introduced by an intercept-and-resend attack tends to one as the numbers c…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-15 Stephen Brierley

For the realization of quantum key distribution, it is important to investigate its security based on a mathematical model that captures properties of the actual devices used by the legitimate users. Recently, Ferenczi, et. al. (Phys. Rev.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-11 Satoshi Sunohara , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Nobuyuki Imoto

We present a finite-size security proof of the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol against coherent attacks, using entropic uncertainty relations, for imperfect detectors. We apply this result to the case of detectors with imperfectly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Devashish Tupkary , Shlok Nahar , Pulkit Sinha , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) can share secret keys by using less quantum resource than its fully quantum counterparts, and this likely makes SQKD become more practical and realizable. In this paper, we present a new SQKD protocol by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-03 Wei Zhang , Daowen Qiu

Quantum cryptography is the study of delivering secret communications across a quantum channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has been recognized as the most important breakthrough in quantum cryptography. This process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Neha Sharma , Vikas Saxena

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is rapidly transitioning from cutting-edge laboratory research to real-world deployment in established communication networks. Although QKD promises future-proof security, practical challenges stil exist due…

In this paper, we present a flowchart-based description of the decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and provide a step-by-step, self-contained information-theoretic security proof for this protocol within the universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Akihiro Mizutani , Toshihiko Sasaki , Go Kato

We develop a generic framework to bound the phase error rate for quantum key distribution protocols using passive detection setups with imperfections and memory effects. This framework can be used in proof techniques based on the entropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Zhiyao Wang , Devashish Tupkary , Shlok Nahar

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a provably secure way of generating a secret key, which can later be used for encoding and decoding information. In this paper we analyze the effects of an eavesdropper's variable-strength measurements on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Yuval Idan , Tal Gofman , Ziv Abelson , Isabelle Cestier , Elad Mentovich , Eliahu Cohen