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In recent years, the quantum oracle model introduced by Aaronson and Kuperberg (2007) has found a lot of use in showing oracle separations between complexity classes and cryptographic primitives. It is generally assumed that proof…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-04 Avantika Agarwal , Srijita Kundu

Quantum computing promises transformational gains for solving some problems, but little to none for others. For anyone hoping to use quantum computers now or in the future, it is important to know which problems will benefit. In this paper,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Sukwoong Choi , William S. Moses , Neil Thompson

We present the first protocol allowing a classical computer to interactively verify the result of an efficient quantum computation. We achieve this by constructing a measurement protocol, which enables a classical verifier to use a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Urmila Mahadev

We study the power of quantum witnesses under perfect completeness. We construct a classical oracle relative to which a language lies in $\mathsf{QMA}_1$ but not in $\mathsf{QCMA}$ when the $\mathsf{QCMA}$ verifier is only allowed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 David Miloschewsky , Supartha Podder , Dorian Rudolph

In this paper we consider a quantum computational variant of nondeterminism based on the notion of a quantum proof, which is a quantum state that plays a role similar to a certificate in an NP-type proof. Specifically, we consider quantum…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 John Watrous

We define the notion of a proof of knowledge in the setting where the verifier is classical, but the prover is quantum, and where the witness that the prover holds is in general a quantum state. We establish simple properties of our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-20 Thomas Vidick , Tina Zhang

This paper furthers existing evidence that quantum computers are capable of computations beyond classical computers. Specifically, we strengthen the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy to the second level if: (i) Quantum computers with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Simon C. Marshall , Scott Aaronson , Vedran Dunjko

We show that quantum oracles provide an advantage over classical oracles for answering classical counterfactual questions in causal models, or equivalently, for identifying unknown causal parameters such as distributions over functional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ciarán M. Gilligan-Lee , Yìlè Yīng , Jonathan Richens , David Schmid

In this paper, we consider a quantum algorithm for solving the following problem: ``Suppose $f$ is a function given as a black box (that is also called an oracle) and $f$ is invariant under some AND-mask. Examine a property of $f$ by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hiroo Azuma

We study the simultaneous message passing (SMP) model of communication complexity, for the case where one party is quantum and the other is classical. We show that in an SMP protocol that computes some function with the first party sending…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-28 Dmitry Gavinsky , Oded Regev , Ronald de Wolf

Tasked with the challenge to build better and better computers, quantum computing and classical computing face the same conundrum: the success of classical computing systems. Small quantum computing systems have been demonstrated, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-05 Rodney Van Meter

Quantum advantage is notoriously hard to find and even harder to prove. For example the class of functions computable with classical physics actually exactly coincides with the class computable quantum-mechanically. It is strongly believed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-07 Howard Dale , David Jennings , Terry Rudolph

We initiate the study of quantum Interactive Oracle Proofs (qIOPs), a generalization of both quantum Probabilistically Checkable Proofs and quantum Interactive Proofs, as well as a quantum analogue of classical Interactive Oracle Proofs. In…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baocheng Sun , Thomas Vidick

A proof of quantumness is a type of challenge-response protocol in which a classical verifier can efficiently certify the quantum advantage of an untrusted prover. That is, a quantum prover can correctly answer the verifier's challenges and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-21 Zhenning Liu , Alexandru Gheorghiu

QMA (Quantum Merlin Arthur) is the class of problems which, though potentially hard to solve, have a quantum solution which can be verified efficiently using a quantum computer. It thus forms a natural quantum version of the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Tomoyuki Morimae , Daniel Nagaj , Norbert Schuch

The class QMA plays a fundamental role in quantum complexity theory and it has found surprising connections to condensed matter physics and in particular in the study of the minimum energy of quantum systems. In this paper, we further…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-06 Alex B. Grilo , Iordanis Kerenidis , Jamie Sikora

Quantum computing promises the ability to compute properties of quantum systems exponentially faster than classical computers. Quantum advantage is achieved when a practical problem is solved more efficiently on a quantum computer than on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 William A. Simon , Peter J. Love

We show that every language in QMA admits a classical-verifier, quantum-prover zero-knowledge argument system which is sound against quantum polynomial-time provers and zero-knowledge for classical (and quantum) polynomial-time verifiers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Thomas Vidick , Tina Zhang

Although a quantum state requires exponentially many classical bits to describe, the laws of quantum mechanics impose severe restrictions on how that state can be accessed. This paper shows in three settings that quantum messages have only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-25 Scott Aaronson

Quantum computers are believed to bring computational advantages in simulating quantum many body systems. However, recent works have shown that classical machine learning algorithms are able to predict numerous properties of quantum systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Riccardo Molteni , Casper Gyurik , Vedran Dunjko