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High-fidelity multi-qubit gates are a critical resource for near-term quantum computing, as they underpin the execution of both quantum algorithms and fault-tolerant protocols. The Toffoli gate (CCNOT), in particular, plays a central role…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 M. AbuGhanem

Verifying the correct functioning of quantum gates is a crucial step towards reliable quantum information processing, but it becomes an overwhelming challenge as the system size grows due to the dimensionality curse. Recent theoretical…

Quantum computing and quantum simulation can be implemented by concatenation of one- and two-qubit gates and interactions. For most physical implementations, however, it may be advantageous to explore state components and interactions that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-09 Mohammadsadegh Khazali , Klaus Mølmer

To build a general-purpose quantum computer, it is crucial for the quantum devices to implement classical boolean logic. A straightforward realization of quantum boolean logic is to use auxiliary qubits as intermediate storage. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 I. M. Tsai , S. Y. Kuo

Quantum dot-based spin qubit realization is one of the most promising quantum computing systems owing to its integrability with classical computation hardware and its versatility in realizing qubits and quantum gates. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-14 Yash Tiwari , Aditya Dev , Vishvendra Singh Poonia

We show a significant reduction of the number of quantum operations and the improvement of the circuit depth for the realization of the Toffoli gate by using qudits. This is done by establishing a general relation between the dimensionality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-12 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Nikolaeva , Peng Xu , G. V. Shlyapnikov , A. K. Fedorov

We study the implementation of quantum channels with quantum computers while minimizing the experimental cost, measured in terms of the number of Controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gates required (single-qubit gates are free). We consider three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-17 Raban Iten , Roger Colbeck , Matthias Christandl

We design a circuit structure with linear depth to implement an $n$-qubit Toffoli gate. The proposed construction uses a quadratic-size circuit consists of elementary 2-qubit controlled-rotation gates around the x axis and uses no ancilla…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-15 Mehdi Saeedi , Massoud Pedram

Qubits, which are quantum counterparts of classical bits, are used as basic information units for quantum information processing, whereas underlying physical information carriers, e.g. (artificial) atoms or ions, admit encoding of more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-28 Anastasiia S. Nikolaeva , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Aleksey K. Fedorov

A proof is given, which relies on the commutator algebra of the unitary Lie groups, that quantum gates operating on just two bits at a time are sufficient to construct a general quantum circuit. The best previous result had shown the…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-22 David P. Divincenzo

Two different algorithms are presented for generating a quantum circuit realization of a matrix representing a permutation on $2^n$ letters. All circuits involve $n$ qubits and only use multi--controlled Toffoli gates. The first algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Jason Hanson

While quantum computing holds great potential in combinatorial optimization, electronic structure calculation, and number theory, the current era of quantum computing is limited by noisy hardware. Many quantum compilation approaches can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Max Aksel Bowman , Pranav Gokhale , Jeffrey Larson , Ji Liu , Martin Suchara

We present some compact quantum circuits for a deterministic quantum computing on electron-spin qubits assisted by quantum dots inside single-side optical microcavities, including the CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin gates. They are constructed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-03 Hai-Rui Wei , Fu-Guo Deng

Distributed quantum computation requires to apply quantum remote gates on separate nodes or subsystems of network. On the other hand, Toffoli gate is a universal and well-known quantum gate. It is frequently used in synthesis of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Moein Sarvaghad-Moghaddam , Mariam Zomorodi-Moghadam , Ahmed Farouk

There are various gate sets that can be used to describe a quantum computation. A particularly popular gate set in the literature on quantum computing consists of arbitrary single-qubit gates and 2-qubit CNOT gates. A CNOT gate is however…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 John van de Wetering

We study the achievements of quantum circuits comprised of several one- and two-qubit gates. Quantum process matrices are determined for the basic one- and two-qubit gate operations and concatenated to yield the process matrix of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-11 J. Gulliksen , D. D. Bhaktavatsala Rao , K. Mølmer

A single-shot Toffoli, or controlled-controlled-NOT, gate is desirable for classical and quantum information processing. The Toffoli gate alone is universal for reversible computing and, accompanied by the Hadamard gate, forms a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-21 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Joydip Ghosh , Barry C. Sanders

A crucial requirement for scalable quantum-information processing is the realization of multiple-qubit quantum gates. Universal multiple-qubit gates can be implemented by a set of universal single qubit gates and any one kind of two-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-20 Hai-Ou Li , Gang Cao , Guo-Dong Yu , Ming Xiao , Guang-Can Guo , Hong-Wen Jiang , Guo-Ping Guo

The three-input TOFFOLI gate is the workhorse of circuit synthesis for classical logic operations on quantum data, e.g., reversible arithmetic circuits. In physical implementations, however, TOFFOLI gates are decomposed into six CNOT gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-03 Vivek V. Shende , Igor L. Markov

We propose a protocol for realizing a Toffoli gate using neutral-atom qubits in optical tweezers. Two ground-state hyperfine levels of the atoms are considered as qubit states. Our method relies on the strong and long-range interactions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Sinchan Snigdha Rej , Bimalendu Deb