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Using a new approach to quantum mechanics we revisit Hardy's proof for Bell's theorem and point out a loophole in it. We also demonstrate on this example that quantum mechanics is a local realistic theory.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gyula Bene

Starting with a consideration of the implication of Bell inequalities in quantum mechanics, a new quantum postulate is suggested in order to restore classical locality and causality to quantum physics: only the relative coordinates between…

General Physics · Physics 2023-02-22 Michael Spanner

Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…

In papers published in the 25 years following his famous 1964 proof John Bell refined and reformulated his views on locality and causality. Although his formulations of local causality were in terms of probability, he had little to say…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-08 Richard A. Healey

Bell's theorem is a conflict of mathematical predictions formulated within an infinite hierarchy of mathematical models. Inequalities formulated at level $k\in\mathbb{Z}$, are violated by probabilities at level $k+1$. We are inclined to…

General Physics · Physics 2023-06-14 Marek Czachor

We prove versions of the Bell and the GHZ Theorems that do not assume Locality but only the Effect After Cause Principle (EACP) according to which for any Lorentz observer the value of an observable cannot change because of an event that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-10-07 Charles Tresser

Bell's theorem prompts us with a fundamental inquiry: what is the simplest scenario leading to the incompatibility between quantum correlations and the classical theory of causality? Here we demonstrate that quantum non-classicality is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Pedro Lauand , Davide Poderini , Rafael Rabelo , Rafael Chaves

(A) Bell's theorem rests on a conjunction of three assumptions: realism, locality and ``free will''. A discussion of these assumptions will be presented. It will be also shown that, if one adds to the assumptions the principle or rotational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Marek Zukowski

I purport to show why old and new claims on the role of counterfactual reasoning for the EPR argument and the Bell theorem are unjustified: once the logical relation between locality and counterfactual reasoning is clarified, the use of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-24 Federico Laudisa

The widespread claim that violations of Bell inequalities establish the nonlocality of nature is critically reexamined. It is argued that this conclusion is not logically compelled by either the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Partha Ghose

We argue that for the proof of Bell's theorem no assumptions about realism or free will are necessary. The key formula \[E(AB|a,b) = \int A(a,b,\lambda)B(a,b,\lambda)\rho(\lambda) d\lambda\] follows from the logic of plausible reasoning…

General Physics · Physics 2018-05-04 I. Schmelzer

The empirical proof of Bell inequality violations was a landmark moment for research into quantum foundations. It commits us to a universe without strict relativistic locality or requires that we escape through a potential loophole like…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Geoff Beck

We will demonstrate in this paper that Bell's theorem (Bell's inequality) does not really conflict with quantum mechanics, the controversy between them originates from the different definitions for the expectation value using the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Zheng-Chuan Wang

Bell's 1964 theorem, which states that the predictions of quantum theory cannot be accounted for by any local theory, represents one of the most profound developments in the foundations of physics. In the last two decades, Bell's theorem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-22 Nicolas Brunner , Daniel Cavalcanti , Stefano Pironio , Valerio Scarani , Stephanie Wehner

Non-local correlations are usually understood through the outcomes of alternative measurements (on two or more parts of a system) that cannot altogether actually be carried out in an experiment. Indeed, a joint input/output -- e.g.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-11 Stefan Wolf

A proof of Bell's theorem without inequalities and involving only two observers is given by suitably extending a proof of the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem due to Mermin. This proof is generalized to obtain an inequality-free proof of Bell's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. K. Aravind

Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. It has propelled research in the foundations of quantum theory and quantum information science. As a fundamental feature of quantum theory, it impacts…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-06 Armin Tavakoli , Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens , Ming-Xing Luo , Marc-Olivier Renou

This article shows that the there is no paradox. Violation of Bell's inequalities should not be identified with a proof of non locality in quantum mechanics. A number of past experiments is reviewed, and it is concluded that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-07-20 V. K. Ignatovich

In a old paper by G. Lochak, it is claimed that the Bell definition of a hidden variable is in conflict with the formalism of quantum mechanics. This result implies that it is not necessary to invoke non locality to explain the violation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-24 Aurelien Drezet

Given a sequence of pairs of spin-one half particles in the singlet state, assume that Alice measures the normalized projections along some vector of the spins of one vector per pair along that vector while Bob measures the normalized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Edson de Faria , Charles Tresser