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This (withdrawn) creative essay intended to consider the appearance of time's arrow in a fully symmetric universe compatible with "pilot wave" or transactional interpretations (D. Bohm or J.G. Kramer, respectively). The (unstated)…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-03-31 Ryan S. Westafer

While quantum correlations between two spacelike-separated systems are fully encoded by the bipartite density operator associated with the joint system, there does not exist an analogous operator representing general quantum correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 James Fullwood , Arthur J. Parzygnat

Based on Lorentz invariance and Born reciprocity invariance, the canonical quantization of Special Relativity (SR) has been shown to provide a unified origin for the existence of Dirac's Hamiltonian and a self adjoint time operator that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-02 M. Bauer , C. A. Aguillón

Attempts to treat time on an equivalent footing with space in quantum mechanics have been apparently dominated by `timeless' approaches, such as the one of Page and Wootters, which allow meaningful discussion of a `time operator'. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Michael Ridley , Eliahu Cohen

Beginning with the principle that a closed mechanical composite system is timeless, time can be defined by the regular changes in a suitable position coordinate (clock) in the observing part, when one part of the closed composite observes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-05 John S. Briggs

Quantum mechanical time operator is introduced following the parametric formulation of classical mechanics in the extended phase space. Quantum constraint on the extended quantum system is defined in analogy to the constraint of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-15 Nikola Buri\' c , Slobodan Prvanovi\' c

We define a new quantum Hermitian operator (namely, the energy variance operator) which is simply duplicated from the statistical definition of energy variance in classical physics. Its expectation value yields the standard deviation of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-26 Gilbert Reinisch

Discussions of quantum mechanics often loosely claim that time evolution logically must be unitary, in order for the probabilistic interpretation of the amplitudes of the state vector to make sense at all times. We discuss from first…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Edward Parker

Standard quantum theory represents a composite system at a given time by a joint state, but it does not prescribe a joint state for a composite of systems at different times. If a more even-handed treatment of space and time is possible,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-27 Dominic Horsman , Chris Heunen , Matthew F. Pusey , Jonathan Barrett , Robert W. Spekkens

In quantum mechanics the time operator $\Theta$ satisfies the commutation relation $[\Theta,H]=i$, and thus it may be thought of as being canonically conjugate to the Hamiltonian $H$. The time operator associated with a given Hamiltonian…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-03 Carl M. Bender , M. Gianfreda

In it's usual presentation, classical mechanics appears to give time a very special role. But it is well known that mechanics can be formulated so as to treat the time variable on the same footing as the other variables in the extended…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 Michael Reisenberger , Carlo Rovelli

Quantum gravity may modify the fundamental symmetries that govern identical particles. In particular, noncommutative spacetime frameworks predict deformations of Bose and Fermi statistics. Here we develop a relativistic quantum field theory…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-27 Nicola Bortolotti , Catalina Curceanu , Antonino Marciano , Kristian Piscicchia

The operational formulations of quantum theory are drastically time oriented. However, to the best of our knowledge, microscopic physics is time-symmetric. We address this tension by showing that the asymmetry of the operational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Andrea Di Biagio , Pietro Donà , Carlo Rovelli

The postulate that coordinate and momentum representations are related to each other by the Fourier transform has been accepted from the beginning of quantum theory by analogy with classical electrodynamics. As a consequence, an inevitable…

General Physics · Physics 2015-09-24 Felix M. Lev

We replace the usual Hamiltonian constraint of quantum gravity H|psi>=0 by a weaker one <psi|H|psi>=0. This allows |psi> to satisfy the time-dependent functional Schrodinger equation. In general, only the phase of the wave function appears…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Nikolic

For quantum mechanics of a charged particle in a classical external electromagnetic field, there is an apparent puzzle that the matrix element of the canonical momentum and Hamiltonian operators is gauge dependent. A resolution to this…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-05-18 Wei-Min Sun , Xiang-Song Chen , Xiao-Fu Lu , Fan Wang

We present a second quantization description of frequency-based continuous variables quantum computation in the subspace of single photons. For this, we define frequency and time operators using the free field Hamiltonian and its Fourier…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Nicolas Fabre , Camille Nous , Arne Keller , Pérola Milman

We first rewrite the perturbation expansion of the time evolution operator [An Min Wang, quant-ph/0611216] in a form as concise as possible. Then we derive out the perturbation expansion of the time-dependent complete Green operator and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 An Min Wang

We provide a Hilbert space approach to quantum mechanics where space and time are treated on an equal footing. Our approach replaces the standard dependence on an external classical time parameter with a spacetime-symmetric algebraic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 N. L. Diaz , R. Rossignoli

In the usual formulation of quantum theory, time is a global classical evolution parameter, not a local quantum observable. On the other hand, both canonical quantum gravity (which lacks fundamental time-evolution parameter) and the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-03-17 H. Nikolic