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A brief history is given of the factor 2, starting in the most elementary considerations of geometry and kinematics of uniform acceleration, and moving to relativity, quantum mechanics and particle physics. The basic argument is that in all…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter Rowlands

According to quantum theory, pure physical states correspond to equivalence classes of state vectors, where any two members of one class differ by a complex factor. The point is that such a factor does not change the probability for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-06 Ulrich Mutze

Relations between integrals of time-ordered product of operators, and their representation in terms of energy-ordered products are studied. Both can be decomposed into irreducible factors and these relations are discussed as well. The…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-25 C. S. Lam

A well-known theorem factors a scalar coefficient differential operator given a linearly independent set of functions in its kernel. The goal of this paper is to generalize this useful result to other types of operators. In place of the…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2015-11-26 Alex Kasman

We consider two different relativistic versions of the Kepler problem in the plane: the first one involves the relativistic differential operator, the second one involves a correction for the usual gravitational potential due to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-03-02 Alberto Boscaggin , Walter Dambrosio , Guglielmo Feltrin

In this paper such Riemann metrics are established whose Laplace-Beltrami operators are identical to familiar Hamilton operators of elementary particle systems. Such metrics are the natural positive definite invariant metrics defined on…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-23 Zoltan Imre Szabo

We define a discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator for simplicial surfaces. It depends only on the intrinsic geometry of the surface and its edge weights are positive. Our Laplace operator is similar to the well known finite-elements Laplacian…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2013-09-17 Alexander I. Bobenko , Boris A. Springborn

Presented are several example quantum computing representations of quantum systems with a relativistic energy relation. Basic unitary representations of free Dirac particles and BCS superconductivity are given. Then, these are combined into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-16 Jeffrey Yepez

We formulate quantum mechanics in spacetimes with real-order fractional geometry and more general factorizable measures. In spacetimes where coordinates and momenta span the whole real line, Heisenberg's principle is proven and the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-10-18 Gianluca Calcagni , Giuseppe Nardelli , Marco Scalisi

The Laplace-Beltrami operator on (the surface of) a triaxial ellipsoid admits a sequence of real eigenvalues diverging to plus infinity. By introducing ellipsoidal coordinates, this eigenvalue problem for a partial differential operator is…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2024-07-29 Hans Volkmer

Periodic micromagnetic finite element method (PM-FEM) is introduced to solve periodic unit cell problems using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. PM-FEM is applicable to general problems with 1D, 2D, and 3D periodicities. PM-FEM is based…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-24 Fangzhou Ai , Jiawei Duan , Vitaliy Lomakin

Single scale Feynman integrals in quantum field theories obey difference or differential equations with respect to their discrete parameter $N$ or continuous parameter $x$. The analysis of these equations reveals to which order they…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-08-27 Johannes Blümlein

The Hermitian Cartesian quantum momentum operator $\mathbf{p}$ for an embedded surface $M$ in $R^{3}$ is proved to be a constant factor $-i\hbar $ times the mean curvature vector field $H\mathbf{n}$ added to the usual differential term.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 Q. H. Liu , C. L. Tong , M. M. Lai

We study perturbative quantum gravity in the first-order tetrad formalism. The lowest order action corresponds to Einstein-Cartan plus a parity-odd term, and is known in the literature as the Holst action. The coupling constant of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-07-04 Dario Benedetti , Simone Speziale

In this paper, a new fractional operator of variable order with the use of the monotonic increasing function is proposed in sense of Caputo type. The properties in term of the Laplace and Fourier transforms are analyzed and the results for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-07-18 Xiao-Jun Yang , J. A. Tenreiro Machado

In this paper the relativistic quantum mechanics is considered in the framework of the nonstandard synchronization scheme for clocks. Such a synchronization preserves Poincar{\'e} covariance but (at least formally) distinguishes an inertial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Pawel Caban , Jakub Rembieliński

The structure of diagonal singularities of Green functions of partial differential operators of even order acting on smooth sections of a vector bundle over a Riemannian man ifold is studied. A special class of operators formed by the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 Ivan G. Avramidi

The purpose of this work is to present a method based on the factorizations used in one dimensional quantum mechanics in order to find the symmetries of quantum and classical superintegrable systems in higher dimensions. We apply this…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Şengül Kuru , Javier Negro , Sergio Salamanca

The harmonic oscillator is one of the most studied systems in Physics with a myriad of applications. One of the first problems solved in a Quantum Mechanics course is calculating the energy spectrum of the simple harmonic oscillator with…

Classical Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Murilo B. Alves

Time reversal symmetry is a fundamental property of many quantum mechanical systems. The relation between statistical physics and time reversal is subtle and not all statistical theories conserve this particular symmetry, most notably…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-08-02 Miriam Scharnke , Niclas Schlünzen , Michael Bonitz