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Entanglement is an invaluable resource for fundamental tests of physics and the implementation of quantum information protocols such as device-independent secure communications. In particular, time-bin entanglement is widely exploited to…

We address the problem of closing the detection efficiency loophole in Bell experiments, which is crucial for real-world applications. Every Bell inequality has a critical detection efficiency $\eta$ that must be surpassed to avoid the…

The empirical proof of Bell inequality violations was a landmark moment for research into quantum foundations. It commits us to a universe without strict relativistic locality or requires that we escape through a potential loophole like…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Geoff Beck

We apply a distance-based Bell-test analysis method [E. Knill et al., Phys. Rev. A. 91, 032105 (2015)] to three experimental data sets where conventional analyses failed or required additional assumptions. The first is produced from a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-28 B. G. Christensen , A. Hill , P. G. Kwiat , E. Knill , S. W. Nam , K. Coakley , S. Glancy , L. K. Shalm , Y. Zhang

The no-signalling principle is a fundamental assumption in Bell-inequality and quantum-steering experiments. Nonetheless, experimental imperfections can lead to apparent violations beyond those expected from finite-sample statistics. Here,…

We discuss the problem of finding the most favorable conditions for closing the detection loophole in a test of local realism with a Bell inequality. For a generic non-maximally entangled two-qubit state and two alternative measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 G. Garbarino

With Bell's inequalities one has a formal expression to show how essentially all local theories of natural phenomena that are formulated within the framework of realism may be tested using a simple experimental arrangement. For the case of…

General Physics · Physics 2017-03-30 Thomas Schürmann

We describe an experiment in which two non communicating computers, starting from a common input in the form of sequences of pseudo--random numbers in the interval $[0,2\pi]$, and computing deterministic $\{\pm 1\}$--valued functions,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Luigi Accardi , Massimo Regoli

So far, all experimental tests of Bell inequalities which must be satisfied by all local realistic hidden-variable theories and are violated by quantum mechanical predictions have left at least one loophole open. We propose a feasible setup…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Fang-Yu Hong , Shi-Jie Xiong

Contrary to the claims made in Ref. [1], the recent Bell tests by Giustina et al. and Shalm et al. do not suffer from a "photon identification loophole". The model discussed in Ref. [1] is exploiting the well-known detection loophole, that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-16 Mateus Araújo , Philippe Grangier , Jan-Åke Larsson

We demonstrate that the EPR-Bohm probabilities can be easily obtained in the classical (but contextual) probabilistic framework by using the formula of interference of probabilities. From this point of view the EPR-Bell experiment is just…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrei Khrennikov

The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Kees van Hee , Kees van Berkel , Jan de Graaf

Following the theoretical suggestion of Ref. [1,2], we present experimental results addressed to test restricted families of local realistic models, but without relying on the fair sampling assumption.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 G. Brida , M. Genovese , F. Piacentini

All experimental tests of the violation of Bell's inequality suffer from some loopholes. We show that the locality loophole is not independent of the detection loophole: in experiments using low efficient detectors, the locality loophole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 N. Gisin , H. Zbinden

Re-evaluation of the evidence (some of it unpublished) shows that experimenters conducting Einstein-Podolsky-Bohm (EPR) experiments may have been deceived by various pre-conceptions and artifacts. False or unproven assumptions were made…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Caroline H. Thompson

Can a Bell test with no detection loophole be demonstrated for multi-photon entangled states of light within the current technology? We examine the possibility of a postselection-free CHSH-Bell inequality test wih an unsymmetrical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-24 M. Stobińska , F. Töppel , P. Sekatski , A. Buraczewski

We argue that for the proof of Bell's theorem no assumptions about realism or free will are necessary. The key formula \[E(AB|a,b) = \int A(a,b,\lambda)B(a,b,\lambda)\rho(\lambda) d\lambda\] follows from the logic of plausible reasoning…

General Physics · Physics 2018-05-04 I. Schmelzer

Quantum correlations may violate the Bell inequalities. Most of the experimental schemes confirming this prediction have been realized in all-optical Bell tests suffering from the detection loophole. Experiment which closes this loophole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-23 Magdalena Stobińska , Pavel Sekatski , Adam Buraczewski , Nicolas Gisin , Gerd Leuchs

This article is intended as a compendium and guide to the variety of Bell Inequality derivations that have appeared in the literature in recent years, classifying them into six broad categories, revealing the underlying, often hidden,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ken Williams

Recent experiments to test Bell's inequality using entangled photons and ions aimed at tests of basic quantum mechanical principles. Interesting results have been obtained and many loopholes could be closed. In this paper we want to point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Dimitris G. Angelakis , Almut Beige , Peter L. Knight , William J. Munro , Ben Tregenna