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We show that in a complex d-dimensional vector space, one can find O(d) bases whose elements form a 2-design. Such vector sets generalize the notion of a maximal collection of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). MUBs have manifold applications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-05-19 Gary McConnell , David Gross

Maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases are useful throughout quantum physics, both in a foundational context and for applications. To date, it remains unknown if complete sets of mutually unbiased bases exist in Hilbert spaces of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Daniel McNulty , Stefan Weigert

Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), which are such that the inner product between two vectors in different orthogonal bases is constant equal to the inverse $1/\sqrt{d}$, with $d$ the dimension of the finite Hilbert space, are becoming more and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Michel Planat , Haret Rosu

Mutually unbiased bases for quantum degrees of freedom are central to all theoretical investigations and practical exploitations of complementary properties. Much is known about mutually unbiased bases, but there are also a fair number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-04 Thomas Durt , Berthold-Georg Englert , Ingemar Bengtsson , Karol Życzkowski

The paper gives a short introduction to mutually unbiased bases and the Welch bounds and demonstrates that the latter is a good technical tool to explore the former. In particular, a criterion for a system of vectors to satisfy the Welch…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-22 Aleksandrs Belovs , Juris Smotrovs

A Galois unitary is a generalization of the notion of anti-unitary operators. They act only on those vectors in Hilbert space whose entries belong to some chosen number field. For Mutually Unbiased Bases the relevant number field is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-03 D. M. Appleby , Ingemar Bengtsson , Hoan Bui Dang

A complete set of mutually unbiased bases in a Hilbert space of dimension $d$ defines a set of $d+1$ orthogonal measurements. Relative to such a set, we define a "MUB-balanced state" to be a pure state for which the list of probabilities of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Ilya Amburg , Roshan Sharma , Daniel Sussman , William K. Wootters

Many deep, mysterious connections have been observed between collections of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) and combinatorial designs called $k$-nets (and in particular, between complete collections of MUBs and finite affine - or…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-07-05 Sloan Nietert , Zsombor Szilágyi , Mihály Weiner

In this work, the concept of mutually unbiased frames is introduced as the most general notion of unbiasedness for sets composed by linearly independent and normalized vectors. It encompasses the already existing notions of unbiasedness for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 F. Caro Perez , V. Gonzalez Avella , D. Goyeneche

We present a construction method for complete sets of cyclic mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in Hilbert spaces of even prime power dimensions. In comparison to usual complete sets of MUBs, complete cyclic sets possess the additional property…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-06-22 Oliver Kern , Kedar S. Ranade , Ulrich Seyfarth

One way to construct a maximal set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in a prime-power dimensional Hilbert space is by means of finite phase-space methods. MUBs obtained in this way are covariant with respect to some subgroup of the group of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-05-29 Claudio Carmeli , Jussi Schultz , Alessandro Toigo

Mutually Unbiased bases has various application in quantum information procession and coding theory. There can be maximum d + 1 MUBs in C^d and d/2 +1 MUBs in R^d. But , over R^d MUBs are known to be non existent when d is odd and for most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ajeet Kumar , Uditanshu Sadual

The basic combinatorial properties of a complete set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) of a q-dimensional Hilbert space H\_q, q = p^r with p being a prime and r a positive integer, are shown to be qualitatively mimicked by the configuration…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Metod Saniga , Michel Planat

This is a review of the problem of Mutually Unbiased Bases in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, real and complex. Also a geometric measure of "mubness" is introduced, and applied to some recent calculations in six dimensions (partly done…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Ingemar Bengtsson

For a system of N qubits, spanning a Hilbert space of dimension d=2^N, it is known that there exists d+1 mutually unbiased bases. Different construction algorithms exist, and it is remarkable that different methods lead to sets of bases…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 J. L. Romero , G. Bjork , A. B. Klimov , L. L. Sanchez-Soto

We report on a search for mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in 6 dimensions. We find only triplets of MUBs, and thus do not come close to the theoretical upper bound 7. However, we point out that the natural habitat for sets of MUBs is the set…

Mutually unbiased bases generalize the X, Y and Z qubit bases. They possess numerous applications in quantum information science. It is well-known that in prime power dimensions N=p^m (with p prime and m a positive integer) there exists a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Thomas Durt

Mutually unbiased bases correspond to highly useful pairs of measurements in quantum information theory. In the smallest composite dimension, six, it is known that between three and seven mutually unbiased bases exist, with a decades-old…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-17 Maria Prat Colomer , Luke Mortimer , Irénée Frérot , Máté Farkas , Antonio Acín

It is known that real Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) do not exist for any dimension $d > 2$ which is not divisible by 4. Thus, the next combinatorial question is how one can construct Approximate Real MUBs (ARMUBs) in this direction with…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra , Uddipto Mandal

Two equivalent ways of looking for mutually unbiased bases are discussed in this note. The passage from the search for d+1 mutually unbiased bases in C(d) to the search for d(d+1) vectors in C(d*d) satisfying constraint relations is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-06 Maurice Robert Kibler