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A major obstacle towards realizing a practical quantum computer is the noise that arises due to system-environment interactions. While it is very well known that quantum error correction (QEC) provides a way to protect against errors that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Akshaya Jayashankar

Quantum error correction is a set of methods to protect quantum information--that is, quantum states--from unwanted environmental interactions (decoherence) and other forms of noise. The information is stored in a quantum error-correcting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Todd A. Brun

Error-correcting codes were invented to correct errors on noisy communication channels. Quantum error correction (QEC), however, may have a wider range of uses, including information transmission, quantum simulation/computation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-05 Ningping Cao , Junan Lin , David Kribs , Yiu-Tung Poon , Bei Zeng , Raymond Laflamme

The ambition of harnessing the quantum for computation is at odds with the fundamental phenomenon of decoherence. The purpose of quantum error correction (QEC) is to counteract the natural tendency of a complex system to decohere. This…

We present a quantum error correction code which protects a qubit of information against general one qubit errors which maybe caused by the interaction with the environment. To accomplish this, we encode the original state by distributing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Raymond Laflamme , Cesar Miquel , Juan Pablo Paz , Wojciech Hubert Zurek

Quantum Error Correction will be necessary for preserving coherent states against noise and other unwanted interactions in quantum computation and communication. We develop a general theory of quantum error correction based on encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 Emanuel Knill , Raymond Laflamme

Active quantum error correction using qubit stabilizer codes has emerged as a promising, but experimentally challenging, engineering program for building a universal quantum computer. In this review we consider the formalism of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-13 Barbara M. Terhal

There are well known necessary and sufficient conditions for a quantum code to correct a set of errors. We study weaker conditions under which a quantum code may correct errors with probabilities that may be less than one. We work with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jesse Fern , John Terilla

Quantum error correction (QEC) entails the encoding of quantum information into a QEC code space, measuring error syndromes to properly locate and identify errors, and, if necessary, applying a proper recovery operation. Here we compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-28 Yaakov S. Weinstein

Reliability is fundamental for developing large-scale quantum computers. Since the benefit of technological advancements to the qubit's stability is saturating, algorithmic solutions, such as quantum error correction (QEC) codes, are needed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Marzio Vallero , Gioele Casagranda , Flavio Vella , Paolo Rech

Encoding quantum information in a quantum error correction (QEC) code enhances protection against errors. Imperfection of quantum devices due to decoherence effects will limit the fidelity of quantum gate operations. In particular, neutral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 J. J. Postema , S. J. J. M. F. Kokkelmans

In order to use quantum error-correcting codes to actually improve the performance of a quantum computer, it is necessary to be able to perform operations fault-tolerantly on encoded states. I present a general theory of fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 Daniel Gottesman

Blind Quantum Computation (BQC) is a delegation computing protocol that allows a client to utilize a remote quantum server to implement desired quantum computations while keeping her inputs, outputs, and algorithms private. However, qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Qiang Zhao , John C. S. Lui

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-17 Daniel Gottesman

Large-scale universal quantum computing requires the implementation of quantum error correction (QEC). While the implementation of QEC has already been demonstrated for quantum memories, reliable quantum computing requires also the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-20 Jingfu Zhang , Raymond Laflamme , Dieter Suter

Quantum computers will eventually reach a size at which quantum error correction becomes imperative. Quantum information can be protected from qubit imperfections and flawed control operations by encoding a single logical qubit in multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-15 N. M. Linke , M. Gutierrez , K. A. Landsman , C. Figgatt , S. Debnath , K. R. Brown , C. Monroe

Quantum error correction (QEC) underpins practical fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) by addressing the fragility of quantum states and mitigating decoherence-induced errors. As quantum devices scale, integrating robust QEC protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

This is an expository article aiming to introduce the reader to the underlying mathematics and geometry of quantum error correction. Information stored on quantum particles is subject to noise and interference from the environment. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Simeon Ball , Aina Centelles , Felix Huber

Using a numerical simulation of the evolution of a qubit interacting with the environment we show that quantum error detection and correction can work effectively even when the recovery procedure introduces errors.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Pedro J. Salas , Angel L. Sanz

Quantum error correction (QEC) aims to protect logical qubits from noises by utilizing the redundancy of a large Hilbert space, where an error, once it occurs, can be detected and corrected in real time. In most QEC codes, a logical qubit…