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We show that long standing debates on the collapse and the role of the observer in quantum mechanics can be resolved experimentally via a nondistructive continuous monitoring of a single quantum system. An example of such a system, coupled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. A. Gurvitz

In this work we investigate the relation between quantum measurements and decoherence, in order to formally express the necessity of the latter for obtaining an informative output from the former. To this aim, referring to the Von Neumann…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Pietro Liuzzo-Scorpo , Alessandro Cuccoli , Paola Verrucchi

Scientific theories need to be testable by observations, say using Bayes' theorem. A complete theory needs at least the three parts of dynamical laws for specified physical variables, the correct solution of the dynamical laws (boundary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-12-17 Don N. Page

In orthodox quantum theory, decoherence is presumed to be caused by observation. In this paper, the idea of replacing observation, as the cause of decoherence, with rules derived from the dynamics of the system is addressed. Such rules…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas L. Cooper

Measurement is a fundamental notion in the usual approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems. Probabilities are predicted for the outcomes of measurements. State vectors evolve unitarily in between measurements and by reduction of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-01-14 James B. Hartle

Ever since the early days of quantum mechanics it has been suggested that consciousness could be linked to the collapse of the wave function. However, no detailed account of such an interplay is usually provided. In this paper we present an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-24 Elias Okon , Miguel Ángel Sebastián

It is generally agreed that decoherence theory is, if not a complete answer, at least a great step forward towards a solution of the quantum measurement problem. It is shown here however that in the cases in which a sentient being is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Bernard d'Espagnat

Determinism is established in quantum mechanics by tracing the probabilities in the Born rules back to the absolute (overall) phase constants of the wave functions and recognizing these phase constants as pseudorandom numbers. The reduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-25 Arthur Jabs

A rigorous theory of quantum state reduction, the state change of the measured system caused by a measurement conditional upon the outcome of measurement, is developed fully within quantum mechanics without leading to the vicious circle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Masanao Ozawa

In a previous paper, the author proposed a quantum mechanical interaction that would insure that the evolution of subjective states would parallel the evolution of biological states, as required by von Neumann's theory of measurement. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Richard A. Mould

Observational entropy provides a general notion of quantum entropy that appropriately interpolates between Boltzmann's and Gibbs' entropies, and has recently been argued to provide a useful measure of out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-09 Francesco Buscemi , Joseph Schindler , Dominik Šafránek

We propose a formal framework for understanding and unifying the concept of observers across physics, computer science, philosophy, and related fields. Building on cybernetic feedback models, we introduce an operational definition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Hatem Elshatlawy , Dean Rickles , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

A phenomenological approach using the states of spin-like observables is developed to understand the nature of consciousness and the totality of experience. The three states of consciousness are taken to form the triplet of eigenstates of a…

General Physics · Physics 2010-10-19 Rajat Kumar Pradhan

There is a multitude of interpretations of quantum mechanics, but foundational principles are lacking. Relational quantum mechanics views the observer as a physical system, which allows for an unambiguous interpretation as all axioms are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-16 Dorian Daimer , Susanne Still

Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) treats quantum states as observer-dependent facts rather than absolute properties. While this relational stance is conceptually attractive, it raises concerns about empirical confirmation, particularly in…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Bethany Terris

A goal of most interpretations of quantum mechanics is to avoid the apparent intrusion of the observer into the measurement process. Such intrusion is usually seen to arise because observation somehow selects a single actuality from among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Bruce Rosenblum , Fred Kuttner

The ideas of Sensible Quantum Mechanics are expressed in lay terms for philosophers of consciousness and others. A framework is proposed and explained for the `psycho-physical-parallelism' between conscious experiences and the mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Don N. Page

The interaction between two parts in a compound quantum system may be reconsidered more completely than before and some new understandings and conclusions different from current quantum mechanics are obtained, including the conservation law…

General Physics · Physics 2010-11-03 Tian-Hai Zeng

Quantum coherence is one of the most basic characteristics of quantum mechanics. Here we give some methods to detect and measure quantum coherence. Firstly, we propose a coherence criterion without full quantum state tomography based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Yiding Wang , Tinggui Zhang

Within the framework of the new formalism of quantum theory - the quantum principle of least action - the initial state of the universe is determined, which is an analogue of the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary wave function. The quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-17 Natalia Gorobey , Alexander Lukyanenko , Alexander V. Goltsev