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We investigate how to attack Shor's quantum algorithm for factorization with an entangling probe. We show that an attacker can steal an exact solution of Shor's algorithm outside an institute where the quantum computer is installed if he…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-25 Hiroo Azuma

If the states of spins in solids can be created, manipulated, and measured at the single-quantum level, an entirely new form of information processing, quantum computing, will be possible. We first give an overview of quantum information…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 D. P. DiVincenzo , D. Loss

The factorization of a large digit integer in polynomial time is a challenging computational task to decipher. The exponential growth of computation can be alleviated if the factorization problem is changed to an optimization problem with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Ritu Dhaulakhandi , Bikash K. Behera , Felix J. Seo

Since Shor's discovery of an algorithm to factor numbers on a quantum computer in polynomial time, quantum computation has become a subject of immense interest. Unfortunately, one of the key features of quantum computers - the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-21 Daniel Gottesman

In 1994, Shor introduced his famous quantum algorithm to factor integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time. In 2023, Regev proposed a multi-dimensional version of Shor's algorithm that requires far fewer quantum gates. His…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Cédric Pilatte

Quantum computing had a profound impact on cryptography. Shor's discovery of an efficient quantum algorithm for factoring large integers implies that many existing classical systems based on computational assumptions can be broken, once a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-24 Stephanie Wehner

We construct simplified quantum circuits for Shor's order-finding algorithm for composites N given by products of the Fermat primes 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65537. Such composites, including the previously studied case of 15, as well as 51, 85,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Michael R. Geller , Zhongyuan Zhou

This is a short introduction to Quantum Computing intended for physicists. The basic idea of a quantum computer is introduced. Then we concentrate on Shor's integer factoring algorithm.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Christof Zalka

Mehring et al. have recently described an elegant nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment implementing an algorithm to factor numbers based on the properties of Gauss sums. Similar experiments have also been described by Mahesh et al.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. A. Jones

The aim of this work is to show a brand-new way of making deterministic Quantum Computing (short QC), in the sense of Theory of Calculability, by meaning of unitary evolution. We start from the original Shor's Algorithm to explain how the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-05 Luigi Cimmino

We study the influence of errors and decoherence on both the performance of Shor's factoring algorithm and Grover's search algorithm, and on the amount of interference in these algorithms using a recently proposed interference measure. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-19 Daniel Braun , Bertrand Georgeot

The remarkable capability of quantum Fourier transformation (QFT) to extract the periodicity of a given periodic function has been exhibited by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Two separate sets of experiments were…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Xinhua Peng , Xiwen Zhu , Ximing Fang , Mang Feng , Xiaodong Yang , Maili Liu , Kelin Gao

The discrete logarithm problem (DLP) over finite fields, commonly used in classical cryptography, has no known polynomial-time algorithm on classical computers. However, Shor has provided its polynomial-time algorithm on quantum computers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Kaito Kishi , Junpei Yamaguchi , Tetsuya Izu , Noboru Kunihiro

Most quantum algorithms that give an exponential speedup over classical algorithms exploit the Fourier transform in some way. In Shor's algorithm, sampling from the quantum Fourier spectrum is used to discover periodicity of the modular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 Martin Roetteler

Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques are used to realize a quantum algorithm experimentally. The algorithm allows a simple NMR quantum computer to determine global properties of an unknown function requiring fewer function ``calls'' than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Isaac L. Chuang , Lieven M. K. Vandersypen , Xinlan Zhou , Debbie W. Leung , Seth Lloyd

The task of factoring integers poses a significant challenge in modern cryptography, and quantum computing holds the potential to efficiently address this problem compared to classical algorithms. Thus, it is crucial to develop quantum…

This thesis deals with a series of quantum computer implementation issues from the Kane 31P in 28Si architecture to Shor's integer factoring algorithm and beyond. The discussion begins with simulations of the adiabatic Kane CNOT and readout…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Austin G. Fowler

Entanglement has been termed a critical resource for quantum information processing and is thought to be the reason that certain quantum algorithms, such as Shor's factoring algorithm, can achieve exponentially better performance than their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Vivien M Kendon , William J Munro

We study a hybrid computational model for integer factorization in which the only non-classical resource is access to an \emph{iterated diffusion process} on a finite graph. Concretely, a \emph{diffusion step} is defined to be one…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-07 Carlos A. Cadavid , Paulina Hoyos , Jay Jorgenson , Lejla Smajlović , J. D. Vélez

Attempts to find new quantum algorithms that outperform classical computation have focused primarily on the nonabelian hidden subgroup problem, which generalizes the central problem solved by Shor's factoring algorithm. We suggest an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-10 Andrew M. Childs , Leonard J. Schulman , Umesh V. Vazirani