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Related papers: Counting, Fanout, and the Complexity of Quantum AC…

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We exhibit some simple gadgets useful in designing shallow parallel circuits for quantum algorithms. We prove that any quantum circuit composed entirely of controlled-not gates or of diagonal gates can be parallelized to logarithmic depth,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Cristopher Moore , Martin Nilsson

As quantum computing resources remain scarce and error rates high, minimizing the resource consumption of quantum circuits is essential for achieving practical quantum advantage. Here we consider the natural problem of, given a circuit $C$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

Recently Bravyi, Gosset and K\"onig (Science 2018) proved an unconditional separation between the computational powers of small-depth quantum and classical circuits for a relation. In this paper we show a similar separation in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-27 François Le Gall

Classical programming languages cannot model essential elements of complex systems such as true random number generation. This paper develops a formal programming language called the lambda-q calculus that addresses the fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Philip Maymin

It is well known that a quantum circuit on $N$ qubits composed of Clifford gates with the addition of $k$ non Clifford gates can be simulated on a classical computer by an algorithm scaling as $\text{poly}(N)\exp(k)$[1]. We show that, for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , You Zhou , Alioscia Hamma

We show a relation, based on parallel repetition of the Magic Square game, that can be solved, with probability exponentially close to $1$ (worst-case input), by $1D$ (uniform) depth $2$, geometrically-local, noisy (noise below a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-04 Kishor Bharti , Rahul Jain

In this work, we prove that for any $m>1$, there exists a family of good qudit quantum codes supporting transversal logical $\mathsf{C}^{m-1}\mathsf{Z}$ gates that can address specified logical qudits and be largely executed in parallel.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Virgile Guémard

We present evidence that there exist quantum computations that can be carried out in constant depth, using 2-qubit gates, that cannot be simulated classically with high accuracy. We prove that if one can simulate these circuits classically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-28 Barbara M. Terhal , David P. DiVincenzo

We present a formalism based on tracking the flow of parity quantum information to implement algorithms on devices with limited connectivity without qubit overhead, SWAP operations or shuttling. Instead, we leverage the fact that entangling…

We systematically study the fundamental competition between quantum error correction (QEC) and continuous symmetries, two key notions in quantum information and physics, in a quantitative manner. Three meaningful measures of approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Zi-Wen Liu , Sisi Zhou

Clifford circuits -- i.e. circuits composed of only CNOT, Hadamard, and $\pi/4$ phase gates -- play a central role in the study of quantum computation. However, their computational power is limited: a well-known result of Gottesman and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-21 Adam Bouland , Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Dax Enshan Koh

In breakthrough work, Bravyi, Gosset, and K\"{o}nig (BGK) [Science, 2018] unconditionally proved that constant depth quantum circuits are more powerful than their classical counterparts. Their result is equivalent to saying that a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-23 Daochen Wang

We study the class $\textrm{AC}^0$ of functions computed by constant-depth polynomial-size arithmetic circuits of unbounded fan-in addition and multiplication gates. No model-theoretic characterization for arithmetic circuit classes is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Anselm Haak , Heribert Vollmer

Executing a logical quantum circuit fault-tolerantly incurs a large spacetime overhead. Recent work has proposed and investigated phantom codes, defined by the property that every in-block logical $\mathrm{CNOT}$ circuit can be implemented…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Arthur S. Morris , Daniel Malz

Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

We present a computational problem with the following properties: (i) Every instance can be solved with near-certainty by a constant-depth quantum circuit using only nearest-neighbor gates in 3D even when its implementation is corrupted by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-15 Libor Caha , Xavier Coiteux-Roy , Robert Koenig

The study of the boundary between classically simulable and computationally complex quantum dynamics is fundamental to understanding which physical resources may enable enhanced information-processing capabilities. We investigate this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Moein N. Ivaki , Matias Karjula , Tapio Ala-Nissila

Recent years have seen rapid development in the subject of quantum coding theory, with breakthroughs on many exciting classes of codes, including quantum LDPC codes, quantum locally testable codes, and quantum codes with interesting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Adam Wills , Ting-Chun Lin , Rachel Yun Zhang , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Quantum search algorithms offer a remarkable advantage of quadratic reduction in query complexity using quantum superposition principle. However, how an actual architecture may access and handle the database in a quantum superposed state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-06 Jung Jun Park , Kyunghyun Baek , M. S. Kim , Hyunchul Nha , Jaewan Kim , Jeongho Bang