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How information is encoded in bio-molecular sequences is difficult to quantify since such an analysis usually requires sampling an exponentially large genetic space. Here we show how information theory reveals both robust and compressed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Nitash C G , Christoph Adami

Content-addressable memory, i.e. stored information that can be retrieved from content-based cues, is key to computation. Besides natural and artificial neural networks, physical learning systems have recently been shown to have remarkable…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-11-18 Félix Benoist , Luca Peliti , Pablo Sartori

The rules that specify how the information contained in DNA codes amino acids, is called "the genetic code". Using a simplified version of the Penna nodel, we are using computer simulations to investigate the importance of the genetic code…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-10 E. Gultepe , M. L. Kurnaz

We present a novel way to encode compositional information in high-dimensional (HD) vectors. Inspired by chromosomal crossover, random HD vectors are recursively interwoven, with a fraction of one vector's components masked out and replaced…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-18 Rich Pang

Digital information can be encoded in the building-block sequence of macro-molecules, such as RNA and single-stranded DNA. Methods of "writing" and "reading" macromolecular strands are currently available, but they are slow and expensive.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-09-14 Masud Mansuripur , Pramod Khulbe

Applying the lens of computation and information has been instrumental in driving the technological progress of our civilization as well as in empowering our understanding of the world around us. The digital computer was and for many still…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Matej Hoffmann

Pretrained molecular encoders have become indispensable in computational chemistry for tasks such as property prediction and molecular generation. However, the standard practice of relying solely on final-layer embeddings for downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Luis Pinto

Neural codes allow the brain to represent, process, and store information about the world. Combinatorial codes, comprised of binary patterns of neural activity, encode information via the collective behavior of populations of neurons. A…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-12-22 Carina Curto , Elizabeth Gross , Jack Jeffries , Katherine Morrison , Mohamed Omar , Zvi Rosen , Anne Shiu , Nora Youngs

Machine learning has proven to be a valuable tool to approximate functions in high-dimensional spaces. Unfortunately, analysis of these models to extract the relevant physics is never as easy as applying machine learning to a large dataset…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-05-06 Conrad W. Rosenbrock , Eric R. Homer , Gábor Csányi , Gus L. W. Hart

Digital humanities are rooted in text analysis. However, most visualization paradigms use only categoric, ordered or quantitative data. Literal text must be considered a base data type to encode into visualizations. Literal text offers…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Richard Brath

Structural probes learn a linear transformation to find how dependency trees are embedded in the hidden states of language models. This simple design may not allow for full exploitation of the structure of the encoded information. Hence, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Avik Pal , Madhura Pawar

In recent years, the creation of block-structured dictionary has attracted a lot of interest. Learning such dictionaries involve two step process: block formation and dictionary update. Both these steps are important in producing an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Nagendra Kumar , Rohit Sinha

h-BCN is an intriguing material system where the bandgap varies considerably depending on the atomic configuration, even at a fixed composition. Exploring stable atomic configurations in this system is crucial for discussing the energetic…

Complex information-processing systems, for example quantum circuits, cryptographic protocols, or multi-player games, are naturally described as networks composed of more basic information-processing systems. A modular analysis of such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-27 Christopher Portmann , Christian Matt , Ueli Maurer , Renato Renner , Björn Tackmann

Protein representation learning is a challenging task that aims to capture the structure and function of proteins from their amino acid sequences. Previous methods largely ignored the fact that not all amino acids are equally important for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Ruijie Quan , Wenguan Wang , Fan Ma , Hehe Fan , Yi Yang

Vocalizations and less often gestures have been the object of linguistic research over decades. However, the development of a general theory of communication with human language as a particular case requires a clear understanding of the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-10-25 Antoni Hernández-Fernández , Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho

This paper proposes a new mathematical approach to characterize native protein structures based on the discrete differential geometry of tetrahedron tiles. In the approach, local structure of proteins is classified into finite types…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Naoto Morikawa

How proteins fold remains a central unsolved problem in biology. While the idea of a folding code embedded in the amino acid sequence was introduced more than 6 decades ago, this code remains undefined. While we now have powerful predictive…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-04 Carlos Bustamante , Christian Kaiser , Erik Lindahl , Robert Sosa , Giovanni Volpe

While many good textbooks are available on Protein Structure, Molecular Simulations, Thermodynamics and Bioinformatics methods in general, there is no good introductory level book for the field of Structural Bioinformatics. This book aims…