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We deduce the quantization of the atomic orbit for the hydrogen's atom model proposed by Bohr without using his hypothesis of angular momentum quantization. We show that his hypothesis can be deduced from and is a consequence of the…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. H. O. Sales , A. T. Suzuki , D. S. Bonafe

Bound states are stationary in time and interact continuously. Even a first approximation of atomic wave functions in QED requires contributions of all orders in \alpha. Bound state perturbation theory depends on the choice of this first…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-11-30 Paul Hoyer

I provide a simple derivation of the Born rule as giving a classical probability, that is, the ratio of the measure of favorable states of the system to the measure of its total possible states. In classical systems, the probability is due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

In a previous article [1] we presented an argument to obtain (or rather infer) Born's rule, based on a simple set of axioms named "Contexts, Systems and Modalities" (CSM). In this approach there is no "emergence", but the structure of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-09 Alexia Auffeves , Philippe Grangier

We show that the Born's rule is incompatible with Lorentz symmetry of the Square Root Klein-Gordon equation (SRKG equation). It has been demonstrated that the Born rule must be modified in relativistic regime if one wishes to keep the SRKG…

A longstanding issue in attempts to understand the Everett (Many-Worlds) approach to quantum mechanics is the origin of the Born rule: why is the probability given by the square of the amplitude? Following Vaidman, we note that observers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-26 Charles T. Sebens , Sean M. Carroll

The Born approximation of a potential in the context of the Calder\'on inverse problem is an object that can be formally defined in terms of spectral data of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of the corresponding Schr\"odinger operator. In this…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Fabricio Macià , Cristóbal Meroño , Daniel Sánchez-Mendoza

Everettian Quantum Mechanics, or the Many Worlds Interpretation, lacks an explanation for quantum probabilities. We show that the values given by the Born rule equal projection factors, describing the contraction of Lebesgue measures in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-24 André L. G. Mandolesi

In this work, we show that the quantum mechanical notions of density operator, positive operator-valued measure (POVM), and the Born rule, are all simultaneously encoded in the categorical notion of a natural transformation of functors. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Boyu Yang , James Fullwood

Complex phase factors are viewed not only as redundancies of the quantum formalism but instead as remnants of unitary transformations under which the probabilistic properties of observables are invariant. It is postulated that a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-20 Fritiof Wallentin

Macroscopic objects appear to have definite positions. In a many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory, this appearance is an illusion; the correct view is the "view from outside" in which even macroscopic objects are in general in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Finkelstein

We have shown in previous work that the rigorous equivalence of the Schr\"odinger and Heisenberg pictures requires that one uses Born-Jordan quantization in place of Weyl quantization. It also turns out that the so-called Dahl-Springborg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-03 Maurice A. de Gosson

The spectacular successes of quantum physics have made it a commonplace to assert that we live in a quantum world. This idea seems to imply a kind of "quantum fundamentalism" according to which everything in the universe (if not the…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Henrik Zinkernagel

Paul A. M. Dirac has been undoubtedly one of the central figures of the last century physics, contributing in several and remarkable ways to the development of Quantum Mechanics (QM); he was also at the centre of an active community of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-11-12 Andrea Oldofredi , Michael Esfeld

In this article we prove the existence of the Born approximation in the context of the radial Calder\'on problem for Schr\"odinger operators. The Born approximation naturally appears as the linear component of a factorization of the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-10-10 Thierry Daudé , Fabricio Macià , Cristóbal J. Meroño , François Nicoleau

The inability of Schrodinger's unitary time evolution to describe measurement of a quantum state remains a central foundational problem. It was recently suggested that the unitarity of Schrodinger dynamics can be spontaneously broken,…

Bedard has argued that the 'minimalist' interpretation of Bohm's theory "do[es] not make sense", essentially because one cannot account for bonding properties in terms of particles cofigurations alone. I argue that while this point is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Michael Dickson

An experiment which could decide against the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics has been proposed by K. Popper and, subsequently, it has been criticized by M.J. Collett and R. Loudon. Here we show that both the above mentioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 GianCarlo Ghirardi , Luca Marinatto , Francesco de Stefano

Modern experiments using nanoscale devices come ever closer to bridging the divide between the quantum and classical realms, bringing experimental tests of objective collapse theories that propose alterations to Schr\"{o}dinger's equation…

The emergence of intrinsic probability has long been one of the most important and puzzling problems in quantum mechanics, and the law most directly related to this problem is the Born rule. For a century, there have been many attempts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Jiaxuan Zhang
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