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We introduce a protocol with a reconfigurable filter system to create non-overlapping single loops in the smart power grid for the realization of the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-(like)-Noise secure key distribution system. The protocol is valid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-12-18 Elias Gonzalez , Laszlo B. Kish , Robert Balog , Prasad Enjeti

We critically analyze the results and claims in [Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 901-904]. We show that the strong security leak appeared in the simulations is only an artifact and not caused by "multiple reflections". Since no wave modes…

General Physics · Physics 2014-02-07 Laszlo B. Kish , Tamas Horvath

In this paper, we introduce the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (KLJN) as an approach to securing satellite communications. KLJN has the potential to revolutionize satellite communication security through its combination of simplicity,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lucas Truax , Sandip Roy , Laszlo B. Kish

This paper introduces a new attack against the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (KLJN) secure key exchange scheme. The attack is based on the nonlinearity of the noise generators. We explore the effect of total distortion (TD) at the second…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Christiana Chamon , Laszlo B. Kish

We introduce two new Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key distribution schemes which are generalizations of the original KLJN scheme. The first of these, the Random-Resistor (RR-) KLJN scheme, uses random resistors with values…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-03-04 Laszlo Bela Kish , Claes-Goran Granqvist

An absolutely secure, fast, inexpensive, robust, maintenance-free and low-power- consumption communication is proposed. The states of the information bit are represented by two resistance values. The sender and the receiver have such…

Classical Physics · Physics 2008-04-23 Laszlo B. Kish

The information-theoretically (unconditionally) secure Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) bit exchange protocol uses two identical resistor pairs with high (H) and low (L) resistance values, driven by Gaussian noise generators emulating…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-16 Recep Akif Tasci , Ibrahim Yildirim , Ertugrul Basar

In a forthcoming paper in IEE Proceedings Information Security, Feng Hao claims that temperature inaccuracies make the key exchange scheme based on Kirchhoff Loop with Johnson-like Noise insecure. First we point out that this claim is…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Laszlo B. Kish

Very recently, it has been shown that thermal noise and its artificial versions (Johnson-like noises) can be utilized as an information carrier with peculiar properties therefore it may be proper to call this topic Thermal Noise…

General Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Laszlo B. Kish , Robert Mingesz , Zoltan gingl

A recent paper by Gunn-Allison-Abbott (GAA) [L.J. Gunn et al., Scientific Reports 4 (2014) 6461] argued that the Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key exchange system could experience a severe information leak. Here we refute their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-30 Laszlo B. Kish , Zoltan Gingl , Robert Mingesz , Gergely Vadai , Janusz Smulko , Claes-Goran Granqvist

The security of quantum cryptography is guaranteed by the no-cloning theorem, which implies that an eavesdropper copying transmitted qubits in unknown states causes their disturbance. Nevertheless, in real cryptographic systems some level…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-06 Karol Bartkiewicz , Karel Lemr , Antonín Černoch , Jan Soubusta , Adam Miranowicz

Standard quantum key distribution protocols are provably secure against eavesdropping attacks, if quantum theory is correct. It is theoretically interesting to know if we need to assume the validity of quantum theory to prove the security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jonathan Barrett , Lucien Hardy , Adrian Kent

In this paper, a Resistor Hopping (RH) scheme with the addition of biases is proposed for secure Kirchhoff Law Johnson-Noise (KLJN) communication. The RH approach enables us to increase the bit rate of secure communication between Alice and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Hadi Zayyani , Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo , Mohammad Salman , Rausley A. A. de Souza

The security of a cryptographic key that is generated by communication through a noisy quantum channel relies on the ability to distill a shorter secure key sequence from a longer insecure one. We show that -- for protocols that use quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Dagomir Kaszlikowski , Jenn Yang Lim , Leong Chuang Kwek , Berthold-Georg Englert

By carrying out measurements on entangled states, two parties can generate a secret key which is secure not only against an eavesdropper bound by the laws of quantum mechanics, but also against a hypothetical "post-quantum" eavesdroppers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-10-22 Antonio Acin , Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

This dissertation demonstrates three new types of attacks against the KLJN scheme. The first attack type is based on compromised RNGs. The first RNG attacks are deterministic. First, Eve knows both noises. She can crack the bit via Ohm's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Christiana Chamon

This letter proposes a novel hybrid key distribution architecture that jointly exploits quantum key distribution (QKD) and Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) statistical-physical key exchange. In the proposed system, an optical BB84-type…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Ertugrul Basar

In this paper, we survey the state of the art of the secure key exchange method that is secured by the laws of classical statistical physics, and involves the Kirchhoff's law and the generalized Johnson noise equation, too. We discuss the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-06-07 Laszlo B. Kish , Ferdinand Peper

We present a comprehensive analysis of the Johnson (like) noise based classical key-distribution scheme presented by Kish [1]. We suggest two passive attack strategies that enable an adversary to gain complete knowledge of the exchanged…

Classical Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jacob Scheuer , Amnon Yariv

The safety of a quantum key distribution system relies on the fact that any eavesdropping attempt on the quantum channel creates errors in the transmission. For a given error rate, the amount of information that may have leaked to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 B. Huttner , N. Imoto , N. Gisin , T. Mor