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The Lorentz Transformations are derived without any linearity assumptions and without assuming that y and z coordinates transform in a Galilean manner. Status of the invariance of the speed of light is reduced from a foundation of the…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rostislav Polishchuk

We derive a formula for the light field of a monochromatic plane wave that is truncated and reflected by a spherical mirror. Our formula is valid even for deep mirrors, where the aperture radius approaches the radius of curvature. We apply…

Optics · Physics 2009-11-13 J. Goldwin , E. A. Hinds

The properties of light in the presence of electromagnetic and gravitational fields are compared. Once one takes account of the fact that clock rates vary with distance from a massive object, it is argued that in an absolute sense light…

General Physics · Physics 2009-04-22 Robert J. Buenker

This paper aims to shed some more light on one of the best known phenomena in the field of physics, the Doppler effect, in particular, on its classical version. Although, as mentioned, it is a phenomenon already described more than 150…

Classical Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Óscar Alejos , José María Muñoz

The Doppler shift considered in general relativity involves mixed contributions of distinct, gravitational and kinematical origins and for most metrics or trajectories it takes a complex form. The expression for the Doppler shift may…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 A. Radosz , A. T. Augousti , K. Ostasiewicz

We present a simple derivation of the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event. It is based on the relative character of length and time interval as measured by observes in relative motion. We begin by…

General Physics · Physics 2007-12-05 Bernhard Rothenstein , Stefan Popescu

This paper shows as the relativistic Doppler effect can be extended also to time and space associated to moving bodies. This extension derives from the analysis of the wave-fronts of the light emitted by a moving source in inertial motion…

General Physics · Physics 2012-08-31 Giovanni Zanella

We introduce a convenient formalism to evaluate the frequency-shift affecting a light signal propagating on a general curved background. Our formulation, which is based on the laws of geometric optics in a general relativistic setting,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-06-02 Daniel R. Terno , Giuseppe Vallone , Francesco Vedovato , Paolo Villoresi

Although electromagnetic and acoustic waves profoundly differ in their nature, comparing their Doppler effects is instructive and reveals persistent conceptual traps. The principle of the Doppler effect was presented by Christian Doppler in…

Classical Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Denis Michel

We show that when the observers are located in a plane electromagnetic wave it is not compulsory for them to take into account the time dilation and length contraction effects when the wave is detected from two inertial reference frames in…

General Physics · Physics 2008-12-02 Bernhard Rothenstein , Stefan Popescu

The concept of photon is not necessary only applied to the relativistic Doppler theory. It may also work well for classical theory. As conservation of momentum and energy are physical laws, if applying these laws gives the exact…

General Physics · Physics 2016-09-22 Chyi-Lung Lin , Jun-Jia Pan , Shang-Lin Hsieh , Chun-Ming Tsai

Light refraction, i.e. the bending of the path of a light wave at the interface between two different dielectric media, is ubiquitous in optics. Refraction arises from the different speed of light and is unavoidable in continuous media…

Optics · Physics 2018-02-14 Stefano Longhi

The Lorentz Transformation is derived from only three simple postulates: (i) a weak kinematical form of the Special Relativity Principle that requires the equivalence of reciprocal space-time measurements by two different inertial…

Classical Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 J. H. Field

The dependence of macroscopic radiation pressure on the velocity of the object being pushed is commonly attributed to the Doppler effect. This need not be the case, and here we highlight velocity dependent radiation pressure terms that have…

Optics · Physics 2015-06-03 S. A. R. Horsley , M. Artoni , G. C. La Rocca

The Doppler effect is a shift in the frequency of waves emitted from an object moving relative to the observer. By observing and analysing the Doppler shift in electromagnetic waves from astronomical objects, astronomers gain greater…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-01-18 Stephen W. Hughes , Michael J. Cowley

The so-called principle of relativity is able to fix a general coordinate transformation which differs from the standard Lorentzian form only by an unknown speed which cannot in principle be identified with the light speed. Based on a…

General Physics · Physics 2017-09-21 J. A. S. Lima , F. D. Sasse

The refraction of linearly polarized plane waves into a half-space occupied by a material moving at constant velocity was studied by directly implementing the Lorentz transformations of electric and magnetic fields. From the perspective of…

Optics · Physics 2015-05-13 Tom G. Mackay , Akhlesh Lakhtakia

After having shown that the formula which describes the Doppler effect in the general case holds only in the case of the "very high" frequency assumption, we derive free of assumptions Doppler formulas for two scenarios presented in the…

General Physics · Physics 2008-12-04 Bernhard Rothenstein , Corina Nafornita

The Doppler effect has many applications in science and engineering fields. Although the format of the classical Doppler effect equation is simple, the derivation for the equation in physics textbooks is not intuitive to many students. This…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-11-04 Hangtian Lei

The time-frequency integrals and the two-dimensional stationary phase method are applied to study the electromagnetic waves radiated by moving modulated sources in dispersive media. We show that such unified approach leads to explicit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-11 Gennadiy Burlak , Vladimir Rabinovich