Related papers: Symmetry Scheme for Amino Acid Codons
In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict AAs positions; more exactly, with AAs ordinal number in three variants; first variant 00-19, second 00-21 and third…
We derive the amino acid assignment to one codon representation (typical 64-dimensional irreducible representation) of the basic classical Lie superalgebra osp(5|2) from biochemical arguments. We motivate the approach of mathematical…
All known terrestrial proteins are coded as continuous strings of ~20 amino acids. The patterns formed by the repetitions of elements in groups of finite sequences describes the natural architectures of protein families. We present a method…
The twenty protein coding amino acids are found in proteomes with different relative abundances. The most abundant amino acid, leucine, is nearly an order of magnitude more prevalent than the least abundant amino acid, cysteine. Amino acid…
This paper presents, for the first time, four diversity types of protein amino acids. The first type includes two amino acids (G, P), both without standard hydrocarbon side chains; the second one four amino acids, as two pairs [(A, L), (V,…
Upon the covalent-bonding hybrid of the nitrogen atoms taken as a measure for the structural regularity in nucleobases, it can be identified that the internal relation within the 20 amino acids follows a cooperative vector-in-space addition…
In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict distinction in Genetic Code Table (GCT) into some different quantums: 20, 23, 61 amino acid molecules. These molecules…
Information theoretic analysis of genetic languages indicates that the naturally occurring 20 amino acids and the triplet genetic code arose by duplication of 10 amino acids of class-II and a doublet genetic code having codons NNY and…
The genetic code maps the sixty-four nucleotide triplets (codons) to twenty amino-acids. Some argue that the specific form of the code with its twenty amino-acids might be a 'frozen accident' because of the overwhelming effects of any…
This work aims at showing the relevance and the applications possibilities of the Fibonacci sequence, and also its q-deformed or quantum extension, in the study of the genetic code(s). First, after the presentation of a new formula, an…
In the present work, 16 genetic code doublets and their cognate amino acids in the genetic code are fitted into a polyhedron model. Based on the structural regularity in nucleobases, and by using a series of common-sense topological…
It has been conjectured that evolution exerted pressure to preserve amino acids bearing thermodynamic, kinetic, and functional roles. In this letter we show that the physical requirement to maintain protein stability gives rise to a…
This note represents the further progress in understanding the determination of the genetic code by Golden mean (Rakocevic, 1998). Three classes of amino acids that follow from this determination (the 7 "golden" amino acids, 7 of their…
Protein-fragment seqlets typically feature about 10 amino acid residue positions that are fixed to within conservative substitutions but usually separated by a number of prescribed gaps with arbitrary residue content. By quantifying a…
The rules that specify how the information contained in DNA codes amino acids, is called "the genetic code". Using a simplified version of the Penna nodel, we are using computer simulations to investigate the importance of the genetic code…
The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code (SGC). While it remains unclear why this universal code has arisen…
This article is interested in the origin of the genetic code, it puts forward a scenario of a simultaneous selection of the bases and amino acids and setting up of a correlation between them. Each amino acid is associated with a pair of its…
The systematics of indices of physico-chemical properties of codons and amino acids across the genetic code are examined. Using a simple numerical labelling scheme for nucleic acid bases, data can be fitted as low-order polynomials of the 6…
Of the twenty amino acids used in proteins, ten were formed in Miller's atmospheric discharge experiments. The two other major proposed sources of prebiotic amino acid synthesis include formation in hydrothermal vents and delivery to Earth…
In this paper it is shown that within a Combined Genetic Code Table, realized through a combination of Watson-Crick Table and Codon Path Cube it exists, without an exception, a strict distinction between two classes of enzymes…