Related papers: A simple derivation of E = mc^2

The 'hole argument'(the English translation of German 'Lochbetrachtung') was formulated by Albert Einstein in 1913 in his search for a relativistic theory of gravitation. The hole argument was deemed to be based on a trivial error of…

In this article we show that Einstein covariance principle provides a wide opportunity in the solutions of different problems of theoretical physics. Here we apply covariance principle in some problems of classical electrodynamics and…

We introduce a proposal to modify Einstein's equations by embedding them in a larger symmetric hyperbolic system. The additional dynamical variables of the modified system are essentially first integrals of the original constraints. The…

According to the widely accepted notion, the Schr{\"o}dinger equation (SE) is not derivable in principle. Contrary to this belief, we present here a straightforward derivation of SE. It is based on only two fundamentals of mechanics: the…

Lorentz [of the Lorentz transforms and Lorentz contractions fame] contended against Einstein that there had to be a medium in which electro-magnetic waves exist and propagate, and that that would of necessity be an absolute frame of…

Einstein regarded as one of the triumphs of his 1915 theory of gravity --- the general theory of relativity --- that it vindicated the action--reaction principle, while Newtonian mechanics as well as his 1905 special theory of relativity…

The problems of Classical Electrodynamics with the electron equation of motion and with non-integrable singularity of its self-field stress tensor are well known. They are consequences, we show, of neglecting terms that are null off the…

Experiments may not reveal their full import at the time that they are performed. The scientists who perform them usually are testing a specific hypothesis and quite often have specific expectations limiting the possible inferences that can…

According to Einstein, the trajectory of a particle that is predicted by special relativistic mechanics is well approximated by the trajectory predicted by Newtonian mechanics if the particle speed is low, i.e., much less than the speed of…

Classical Electrodynamics is not a consistent theory because of its field inadequate behaviour in the vicinity of their sources. Its problems with the electron equation of motion and with non-integrable singularity of the electron self…

Classical-particle trajectories are calculated for the static Einstein universe without requiring that the 3-space be closed and curved. Freely-moving test particles are found to return to their starting positions because of strong…

This paper gives a self-contained, elementary, and largely pictorial statement of Einstein's equation.

In this letter we will revise the steps followed by A. Einstein when he first wrote on cosmology from the point of view of the general theory of relativity. We will argue that his insightful line of thought leading to the introduction of…

Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity was proposed a little over a hundred years back. It remained a bedrock of twentieth century physics right up to Quantum Field Theory. However, the failure over several decades to provide a unified…

We present three natural but distinct formalisations of Einstein's special principle of relativity, and demonstrate the relationships between them. In particular, we prove that they are logically distinct, but that they can be made…

In the first part of this paper I review some of the difficulties that seem to obstruct generally valid definitions of "general covariance" and/or "background independence" The second and more historical part deals with a rather strange…

The historical and conceptual foundations of General Relativity are revisited, putting the main focus on the physical meaning of the invariant ds, the Equivalence Principle, and the precise interpretation of spacetime geometry. It is argued…

Now that an English translation of Schwarzschild's original work exists, that work has become accessible to more people. Here his original solution to the Einstein field equations is examined and it is noted that it does not contain the…

Einstein's dream of describing elementary particles as solutions of a classical field theory is severely limited by our current understanding of Nature. Quantum theory is inconsistent with any local realistic theory such as evolving…

The time derivative of the circulation of a vector field $\boldsymbol{A}$ over a moving and deforming closed curve, $\frac {\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d} t}\oint \boldsymbol{A} \cdot \mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{r}$, is computed in two ways, with and…