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We study how Thomson's formulation of the second law: no work is extracted from an equilibrium ensemble by a cyclic process, emerges in the quantum situation through the averaging over fluctuations of work. The latter concept is carefully…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. E. Allahverdyan , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen

We first present open questions related to the foundations of thermodynamics and statistical physics. We then argue that in principle one can not have "closed systems", and that a universal background should exist. We propose that the…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-31 Eshel Ben-Jacob , Ziv Hermon , Alexsander Shnirman

Calculations of entropy fluxes and production rate have been evaluated with some success to study atmospheric processes. However, recurring questions arise as to how best to take into account entropy flux due to radiation, for example. This…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2019-11-12 Pascal Marquet

Interactions are explored through the observation of the dynamics of particles. On the classical level the basic underlying assumption in that scheme is that Newton's second law holds. Relaxing the validity of this axiom by, e.g., allowing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-05-01 Claus Lämmerzahl , Patricia Rademaker

A thermodynamic-like formalism is developed for superstatistical systems based on conditional entropies. This theory takes into account large-scale variations of intensive variables of systems in nonequilibrium stationary states. Ordinary…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Sumiyoshi Abe , Christian Beck , E. G. D. Cohen

A maximum entropy theorem is developed and tested for granular contact forces. Although it is idealized, describing two dimensional packings of round, rigid, frictionless, cohesionless disks with coordination number Z=4, it appears to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-25 Philip T. Metzger

A general nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory is developed for time-dependent Langevin dynamics, starting from the common definition of nonequilibrium Gibbs entropy. It is shown that the notations appearing in the First and the Second Law…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-15 Hao Ge

The basic equations of the thermodynamic system give the relationship between the internal energy, entropy and volume of two neighboring equilibrium states. By using the functional relationship between the state parameters in the basic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-12-16 Xiong-Ying Guo , Ying Gao , Huai-Fan Li , Ren Zhao

We consider a self-gravitating system consisting of perfect fluid with spherical symmetry. Using the general expression of entropy density, we extremize the total entropy $S$ under the constraint that the total number of particles is fixed.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-30 Sijie Gao

I argue that the essence of gravity can be understood only in the context of the universe and that unrecognised implicit retention of Newtonian absolute scale and the impact of thermodynamics have obscured it. Typical attempts to resolve…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-19 Julian Barbour

A Hamiltonian-based model of many harmonically interacting massive particles that are subject to linear friction and coupled to heat baths at different temperatures is used to study the dynamic approach to equilibrium and non-equilibrium…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-09-17 Roland R. Netz

In the scientific and engineering literature, the second law of thermodynamics is expressed in terms of the behavior of entropy in reversible and irreversible processes. According to the prevailing statistical mechanics interpretation the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Elias P. Gyftopoulos , Gian Paolo Beretta

A generalized reciprocal theorem is formulated for the motion and hydrodynamic force moments of an active particle in an arbitrary background flow of a (weakly nonlinear) complex fluid. This formalism includes as special cases a number of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-11 Gwynn J. Elfring

The notion of group entropy is proposed. It enables to unify and generalize many different definitions of entropy known in the literature, as those of Boltzmann-Gibbs, Tsallis, Abe and Kaniadakis. Other new entropic functionals are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-28 Piergiulio Tempesta

We test Boltzmann's H-theorem for several models of particle random walk. We study the influence of interaction between the particle and reservoir/detectors on entropy and find entropy increasing in time for some models and behaving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-13 G. B. Lesovik , I. A. Sadovskyy

The relationship between the intrinsic motion of gravity, light, and time is explored in terms of the principles of entropy, causality, energy, and symmetry conservation. A conceptual mechanism for gravity and the gravitational connection…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-07-02 John A. Gowan

We consider the problem of how to determine the force laws in an amorphous system of interacting particles. Given the positions of the centers of mass of the constituent particles we propose a new algorithm to determine the inter-particle…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-06-15 Oleg Gendelman , Yoav G. Pollack , Itamar Procaccia

Starting from a formulation for the $dS$ element that includes movement, and considering the variation of the entropy Lorentz invariant, we found the relativistic transformations for thermodynamic systems that satisfy the three laws of…

Classical Physics · Physics 2008-03-20 C. A. Farías , P. S. Moya , V. A. Pinto

It is shown that two reacting cosmological fluids, each of them perfect on its own, which exchange energy and momentum without preserving particle numbers, give rise to an entropy producing `reactive' bulk stress of the system as a whole,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Winfried Zimdahl

(abbreviated) The statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems is a long-held puzzle. In this work, we employ a phenomenological entropy form of ideal gas, first proposed by White & Narayan, to revisit this issue. By calculating the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-06-09 Ping He , Dong-Biao Kang